{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:41:25Z","timestamp":1787240485441,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011858","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000}}],"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR26841\/MED\/122\/121\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR26841\/MED\/122\/121\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ECR\/2016\/000817\/LS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECR\/2016\/000817\/LS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Helminth infections are a global health menace affecting 24% of the world population. They continue to increase global disease burden as their unclear pathology imposes serious challenges to patient management. Neurocysticercosis is classified as neglected tropical disease and is caused by larvae of helminthic cestode\n                      <jats:italic>Taenia solium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The larvae infect humans and localize in central nervous system and cause NCC; a leading etiological agent of acquired epilepsy in the developing world. The parasite has an intricate antigenic make-up and causes active immune suppression in the residing host. It communicates with the host via its secretome which is complex mixture of proteins also called excretory secretory products (ESPs). Understanding the ESPs interaction with host can identify therapeutic intervention hot spots. In our research, we studied the effect of\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>solium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ESPs on human macrophages and investigated the post-translation switch involved in its immunopathogenesis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>solium<\/jats:italic>\n                      cysts were cultured\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      to get ESPs and used for treating human macrophages. These macrophages were studied for cellular signaling and miR expression and quantification at transcript and protein level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>solium<\/jats:italic>\n                      cyst ESPs treatment to human macrophages leads to activation of Th2 immune response. A complex cytokine expression by macrophages was also observed with both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in milieu. But, at the same time ESPs modulated the macrophage function by altering the host miR expression as seen with altered ROS activity, apoptosis and phagocytosis. This leads to activated yet compromised functional macrophages, which provides a niche to support parasite survival. Thus\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>solium<\/jats:italic>\n                      secretome induces Th2 phenomenon in macrophages which may promote parasite\u2019s survival and delay their recognition by host immune system.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T13:32:06Z","timestamp":1703856726000},"page":"e0011858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Taenia solium excretory secretory proteins (ESPs) suppresses TLR4\/AKT mediated ROS formation in human macrophages via hsa-miR-125"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Naina","family":"Arora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand K.","family":"Keshri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimanpreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suraj S.","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4235-9201","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amit","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011858.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00191.x","article-title":"Helminth parasites\u2014masters of regulation","volume":"201","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011858.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1937","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm","volume":"11","author":"SK Biswas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011858.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3073","article-title":"Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets","volume":"11","author":"PJ Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011858.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12236","article-title":"Macrophages in wound healing: activation and plasticity","volume":"97","author":"SY Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011858.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.04.024","article-title":"Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders","volume":"22","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0011858.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2946713","article-title":"Taenia crassiceps-excreted\/secreted products induce a defined MicroRNA profile that modulates inflammatory properties of macrophages","volume":"2019","author":"D Mart\u00ednez-Saucedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011858.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.04.019","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of Taenia solium taeniasis in a rural pig farming community of north India","volume":"101","author":"KN Prasad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011858.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-008-0075-y","article-title":"Human cysticercosis and Indian scenario: a review","volume":"33","author":"KN Prasad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011858.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.07.015","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis in patients with active epilepsy from the pig farming community of Lucknow district, north India","volume":"103","author":"KN Prasad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0011858.ref010","first-page":"1445","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"2014"},{"key":"pntd.0011858.ref011","unstructured":"Taeniasis\/cysticercosis. 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