{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:48:38Z","timestamp":1788320918835,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011875","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000}}],"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical-Scientific Fund of the Mayor of Vienna","award":["21136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21136"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with intracellular protozoans of the genus<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>. Transmission occurs predominantly by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies, other routes, including congenital transmission, are rare. The disease manifests as either cutaneous, visceral or mucosal\/mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In recent years, changes in the epidemiological pattern have been reported from Europe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 311 new and 29 published leishmaniasis cases occurring between 01\/01\/2000 and 12\/31\/2021 in Austria were collected and analyzed. These encompassed 146 cutaneous (CL), 14 visceral (VL), 4 mucosal, and 3 cases with concurrent VL and CL. In addition, asymptomatic infections, comprising 11 unspecified cases with<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>DNA detectable only in the blood and 162 cases with anti-<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>antibodies were reported. Particularly since 2016, the incidence of leishmaniasis has steadily risen, mainly attributable to increasing numbers of CL and cases with positive serology against<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>species, whereas the incidence of VL has slowly decreased. Analysis revealed that a shift in the causative species spectrum had occurred and that a substantial number of CL cases were caused by members of the<jats:italic>Leishmania donovani\/infantum<\/jats:italic>complex. Simultaneous occurrence of VL and CL was identified in immunocompromised individuals, but also in a not yet reported case of an immunocompetent child after vertical transmission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of leishmaniasis has risen in the recent years. The numbers are anticipated to keep rising due to increasing human mobility, including travel and forced migration, growing reservoir host populations as well as expansion and dispersal of vector species caused by climate and habitat changes, urbanization and globalization. Hence, elevated awareness for the disease, including possible transmission in previously non-endemic regions and non-vector transmission modes, support of sandfly surveillance efforts and implementation and establishment of public health interventions in a One Health approach are pivotal in the global efforts to control and reduce leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T18:30:56Z","timestamp":1704911456000},"page":"e0011875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The changing epidemiology of human leishmaniasis in the non-endemic country of Austria between 2000 to 2021, including a congenital case"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Riebenbauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Czerny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Egg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaus","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Kinaciyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Hampel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luise","family":"Fidelsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Karlhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Porkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Walochnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9823-7644","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Handisurya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011875.ref001","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","journal-title":"Key facts"},{"issue":"10151","key":"pntd.0011875.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"S Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011875.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-021-00232-7","article-title":"A Review of Leishmaniasis: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.","volume":"8","author":"S Mann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011875.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2806.211746","article-title":"Geographic Origin and Vertical Transmission of Leishmania infantum Parasites in Hunting Hounds, United States","volume":"28","author":"SU Franssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011875.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009650","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009650","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis in pregnancy and vertical transmission: A systematic literature review on the therapeutic orphans.","volume":"15","author":"P Dahal","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011875.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh538","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in pregnancy: a case series and a systematic review of the literature","volume":"55","author":"P Pagliano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011875.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.03.005","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"26","author":"J van Griensven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"pntd.0011875.ref008","article-title":"Global leishmaniasis surveillance: 2019\u20132020, a baseline for the 2030 roadmap.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weekly epidemiological record."},{"key":"pntd.0011875.ref009","article-title":"Global Health Observatory data repository.","author":"World Health Organization","journal-title":"Leishmaniasis."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011875.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080921","article-title":"Non-Endemic Leishmaniases Reported Globally in Humans between 2000 and 2021-A Comprehensive Review.","volume":"11","author":"R Rocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011875.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011188","article-title":"Anticipating visceral leishmaniasis epidemics due to the conflict in Northern Ethiopia.","volume":"17","author":"C Boodman","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011875.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007827","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007827","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria: A review of available data during the war years: 2011\u20132018.","volume":"13","author":"G Muhjazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011875.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0778","article-title":"Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniases in a City in Syria and the Effects of the Syrian Conflict","volume":"101","author":"A Youssef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011875.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2411.172146","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Northern Syria during Civil War","volume":"24","author":"K Rehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011875.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004545","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004545","article-title":"Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Refugee Crises in the Middle East and North Africa.","volume":"10","author":"R Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"43","key":"pntd.0011875.ref016","first-page":"900","article-title":"Ein Fall von Leishmaniose in Nieder\u00f6sterreich [A case of leishmaniasis in Lower Austria].","volume":"115","author":"J. Beyreder","year":"1965","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr."},{"issue":"8643","key":"pntd.0011875.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92895-X","article-title":"Suspected autochthonous kala-azar in Austria","volume":"1","author":"H Kollaritsch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011875.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13537","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: PCR of filter paper blots from an ulcer base is an alternative to biopsy.","volume":"16","author":"M Kitchen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011875.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.1259","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with diabetes mellitus type 2 and discrete bicytopenia.","volume":"6","author":"V Schwetz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011875.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0809","article-title":"Progressive Perforation of the Nasal Septum Due to Leishmania major: A Case of Mucosal Leishmaniasis in a Traveler","volume":"96","author":"N Harrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011875.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2013.03.002","article-title":"Clinical findings and management of imported cutaneous leishmaniasis: report of 14 cases from Austria.","volume":"11","author":"W Poeppl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011875.ref022","first-page":"787305","article-title":"Clinical Challenges in the Management of Leishmania\/HIV Coinfection in a Nonendemic Area: A Case Report.","volume":"2012","author":"K Grabmeier-Pfistershammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011875.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0645","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis after travel to Cyprus and successful treatment with miltefosine","volume":"84","author":"W Poeppl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011875.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0698","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the tongue of an immunocompetent man","volume":"82","author":"V Leitner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011875.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02311.x","article-title":"Successful treatment of a married couple for American leishmaniasis with miltefosine.","volume":"22","author":"S W\u00f6hrl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"19\u201320 Suppl 3","key":"pntd.0011875.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-007-0871-7","article-title":"Kutane Leishmaniose\u2014Import aus Belize [Cutaneous leishmaniasis\u2014an import from Belize].","volume":"119","author":"J Schnedl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pntd.0011875.ref027","first-page":"22","article-title":"Successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B.","volume":"77","author":"H Lagler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011875.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2003.01223.x","article-title":"Cellular profile of cytokine production in a patient with visceral leishmaniasis: gammadelta+ T cells express both type 1 cytokines and interleukin-10","volume":"57","author":"H Lagler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011875.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540151061049","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in an AIDS patient on successful antiretroviral therapy: failure of parasite eradication despite increase in CD4+ T-cell count but low CD8+ T-cell count","volume":"33","author":"A Petter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pntd.0011875.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-019-01598-5","article-title":"Leishmania spp. seropositivity in Austrian soldiers returning from the Kosovo.","volume":"132","author":"E Kniha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011875.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.006","article-title":"Leishmania infections in Austrian soldiers returning from military missions abroad: a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"AG Obwaller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011875.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03960.x","article-title":"Seroprevalence and asymptomatic carriage of Leishmania spp. in Austria, a non-endemic European country","volume":"19","author":"W Poeppl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011875.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1809.111365","article-title":"Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis infection, Austria.","volume":"18","author":"W Poeppl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011875.ref034","article-title":"Travel behaviour.","author":"Statistik Austria","journal-title":"Holiday trips of the Austrian resident population 2003\u20132022."},{"key":"pntd.0011875.ref035","article-title":"Asyl","author":"Bundesministerium Inneres","journal-title":"Jahresstatistiken"},{"key":"pntd.0011875.ref036","article-title":"GeoSphere Austria.","author":"Zentralanstalt f\u00fcr Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG).","journal-title":"Klimamonitoring"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011875.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1529-1535.2003","article-title":"Detection, differentiation, and quantitation of pathogenic leishmania organisms by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based real-time PCR assay","volume":"41","author":"A Schulz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011875.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90093-2","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer in clinical samples of Leishmania donovani spotted on filter paper as revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphisms and sequencing","volume":"94","author":"NO El Tai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011875.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(03)00093-2","article-title":"PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples","volume":"47","author":"G Sch\u00f6nian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"30","key":"pntd.0011875.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20543","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.30.20543","article-title":"Heat-shock protein 70 gene sequencing for Leishmania species typing in European tropical infectious disease clinics","volume":"18","author":"G Van der Auwera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011875.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1086\/318476","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis in a German Child Who Had Never Entered a Known Endemic Area: Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"32","author":"C Bogdan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011875.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011497","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011497","article-title":"The estimated distribution of autochthonous leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in Europe in 2005\u20132020.","volume":"17","author":"C Maia","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011875.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031656","article-title":"Climate Variables Related to the Incidence of Human Leishmaniosis in Montenegro in Southeastern Europe during Seven Decades (1945\u20132014).","volume":"20","author":"S Medenica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011875.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110337","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Pattern and Meteo-Climatic Determinants of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Italy","volume":"7","author":"G Moirano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011875.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12977","article-title":"The current epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia and implications for disease emergence in European countries.","volume":"69","author":"Y \u00d6zbel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"issue":"18","key":"pntd.0011875.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000159","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.18.2000159","article-title":"Surveillance data for human leishmaniasis indicate the need for a sustainable action plan for its management and control, Greece, 2004 to 2018.","volume":"26","author":"M Tzani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011875.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13653","article-title":"Systematic Review: Re-emergence of human leishmaniasis in the Balkans","volume":"26","author":"S. Vaselek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011875.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1751611","article-title":"The enemy at home: leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin, Italy on the focus.","volume":"18","author":"E Gianchecchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011875.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.028","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis\u2014A Case Series from Dresden.","volume":"6","author":"U Wollina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011875.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005660","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005660","article-title":"Phlebotomine sand fly-borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections.","volume":"11","author":"M Moriconi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011875.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.017","article-title":"Atypical presentation in adults in the largest community outbreak of leishmaniasis in Europe (Fuenlabrada, Spain).","volume":"21","author":"L Horrillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"30","key":"pntd.0011875.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20546","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.30.20546","article-title":"Re-emergence of leishmaniasis in Spain: community outbreak in Madrid, Spain, 2009 to 2012.","volume":"18","author":"A Arce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011875.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2013.12.003","article-title":"Leishmaniasis acquired by travellers to endemic regions in Europe: a EuroTravNet multi-centre study.","volume":"12","author":"U Ehehalt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"19\u201320 Suppl 4","key":"pntd.0011875.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-008-1077-3","article-title":"Imported non-endemic, arthropod-borne and parasitic infectious diseases in Austrian dogs.","volume":"120","author":"M Leschnik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"issue":"Doc1","key":"pntd.0011875.ref055","article-title":"Leishmania infections and Leishmania species in central Europe.","volume":"110","author":"E Kniha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wien Tierarztl Monat\u2013Vet Med Austria."},{"issue":"19\u201320 Suppl 4","key":"pntd.0011875.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-008-1072-8","article-title":"Sandflies and sandfly-borne infections of humans in Central Europe in the light of climate change.","volume":"120","author":"H Asp\u00f6ck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011875.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2361-0","article-title":"Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi, 1908, in Carinthia: first record of the occurrence of sandflies in Austria (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae).","volume":"109","author":"TJ Naucke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011875.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04482-8","article-title":"Phlebotomus (Adlerius) simici NITZULESCU, 1931: first record in Austria and phylogenetic relationship with other Adlerius species.","volume":"14","author":"E Kniha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0011875.ref059","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","journal-title":"Phlebotomine sand flies\u2014Factsheet for experts"},{"key":"pntd.0011875.ref060","author":"European Environment Agency","journal-title":"Global and European temperatures"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011875.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13822-1","article-title":"Modeling the climatic suitability of leishmaniasis vector species in Europe.","volume":"7","author":"LK Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011875.ref062","first-page":"701","article-title":"Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, agent du bouton d\u2019Orient autochtone. A propos de l\u2019identification biochimique de deus souches isol\u00e9es dans les Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales [Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, the agent of the autochthonous oriental sore. Apropos of the biochemical identification of 2 strains isolated in the eastern Pyrenees].","volume":"291","author":"JA Rioux","year":"1980","journal-title":"C R Seances Acad Sci D"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011875.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050449d","article-title":"Congenital visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"CC Boehme","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011875","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011875","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T21:20:49Z","timestamp":1731014449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011875"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Reiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011875","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011875","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]}}}