{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:33:04Z","timestamp":1770755584955,"version":"3.50.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011903","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000}}],"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020171","name":"Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PO8615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PO8615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The first dengue outbreak in Sao Tome and Principe was reported in 2022. Entomological investigations were undertaken to establish the typology of <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> larval habitats, the distribution of <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albopictus<\/jats:italic>, the related entomological risk and the susceptibility profile of <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> to insecticides, to provide evidence to inform the outbreak response.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Entomological surveys were performed in all seven health districts of Sao Tome and Principe during the dry and rainy seasons in 2022. WHO tube and synergist assays using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) were carried out, together with genotyping of F1534C\/V1016I\/V410L mutations in <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albopictus<\/jats:italic> were found in all seven health districts of the country with high abundance of <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> in the most urbanised district, Agua Grande. Both <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> species bred mainly in used tyres, discarded tanks and water storage containers. In both survey periods, the Breteau (BI &gt; 50), house (HI &gt; 35%) and container (CI &gt; 20%) indices were higher than the thresholds established by WHO to indicate high potential risk of dengue transmission. The <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> sampled were susceptible to all insecticides tested except dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (9.2% mortality, resistant), bendiocarb (61.4% mortality, resistant) and alpha-cypermethrin (97% mortality, probable resistant). A full recovery was observed in <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> resistant to bendiocarb after pre-exposure to synergist PBO. Only one <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> specimen was found carrying F1534C mutation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings revealed a high potential risk for dengue transmission throughout the year, with the bulk of larval breeding occurring in used tyres, water storage and discarded containers. Most of the insecticides tested remain effective to control <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> vectors in Sao Tome, except DDT and bendiocarb. These data underline the importance of raising community awareness and implementing routine dengue vector control strategies to prevent further outbreaks in Sao Tome and Principe, and elsewhere in the subregion.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T17:39:03Z","timestamp":1717436343000},"page":"e0011903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Entomological surveys and insecticide susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti during the dengue outbreak in Sao Tome and Principe in 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