{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:08:44Z","timestamp":1792159724001,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar, is a vector-borne tropical disease caused by a group of intracellular hemoflagellate protozoa belonging to the family of Trypanosomatide and the genus <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>. The disease is distributed around the world and transmitted via the bite of infected female <jats:italic>Phlebotomine<\/jats:italic> sandflies, and there is variation in the diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled global sensitivity and specificity of the rk-39 test and to evaluate if there is a difference between the different parts of the world.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A systematic review and meta-analysis have been conducted on the diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy. After setting eligibility criteria, literature was searched in four databases and one searching engine. Articles were screened, critically appraised, and extracted independently by two reviewers, and any disagreements were resolved with the involvement of a third person. The quality of the included studies had been assessed by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS 2) tool. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were determined by bivariate random effect analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed by Higgins\u2019s <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, and when it was present, mitigation was conducted by using sensitivity analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 409 studies were identified, and finally 18 articles were eligible for the review with a total sample size of 5, 253. The bivariate random effect meta-analysis of the 7 diagnostic accuracy studies showed a pooled sensitivity of 0.89 (0.76\u20130.95) and specificity of 0.86 (0.72\u20130.94). The +LR was 6.32 (95% CI: 2.85\u201314.02), the\u2013LR was 0.13 (95% CI: 0.06\u20130.30), and the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 47.8 (95% CI: 11.3\u2013203.2). Abdel-Latif (2018) was both an outlier and influential for sensitivity, and Walter (2011) was both an outlier and influential for specificity, and removing them from sensitivity and specificity, respectively, was beneficial for reducing the heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Rk-39 is found to have highly accurate measures in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Both sensitivity and specificity were found to be highly accurate in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis, with a pooled sensitivity of 0.91 (0.88\u20130.93) and a pooled specificity of 0.89 (0.85\u20130.91).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Ethical consideration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>As we will use secondary data for the systematic review and meta-analysis, ethical concerns are not necessary.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T18:27:11Z","timestamp":1709749631000},"page":"e0011938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Diagnostic accuracy of serological rk-39 test for visceral Leishmaniasis: Systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7553-1429","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mihret","family":"Getnet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addisu","family":"Minaye Dejen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dessie","family":"Abebaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getachew Gedefaw","family":"Fentahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emebet","family":"Birhanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011938.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2017.07.001","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of Leishmania infection in blood donors","volume":"56","author":"M Foroutan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusion and Apheresis Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011938.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5973","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5973-5977.2005","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of two rK39 antigen-based dipsticks and the formol gel test for rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in northeastern Uganda","volume":"43","author":"F Chappuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011938.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.05.002","article-title":"Field evaluation of FD-DAT, rK39 dipstick and KATEX (urine latex agglutination) for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest Ethiopia","volume":"101","author":"E Diro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.35500\/jghs.2020.2.e3","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: a global overview.","volume":"2","author":"RG Wamai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Global Health Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011938.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006697","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006697","article-title":"Burden of leishmaniasis in Brazil and federated units, 1990\u20132016: Findings from Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"12","author":"JMT Bezerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011938.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try075","article-title":"The rise of leishmaniasis in the twenty-first century","volume":"112","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011938.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v26i4.10","article-title":"Incidence and disability-adjusted life years (Dalys) attributable to leishmaniasis in Iran, 2013","volume":"26","author":"F Heydarpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethiopian journal of health sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-75","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition and associated risk factors among adult visceral leishmaniasis patients in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study","volume":"7","author":"B Mengesha","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"key":"pntd.0011938.ref009","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India: progress and the road ahead","author":"OP Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011938.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001617","article-title":"Prevalence, features and risk factors for malaria co-infections amongst visceral leishmaniasis patients from Amudat Hospital, Uganda.","volume":"6","author":"E van den Bogaart","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011938.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01775.x","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of parasitology and serological tests in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India: a phase III diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"12","author":"S Sundar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011938.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02154.x","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a new Leishmania PCR for clinical visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal and its role in diagnosis of disease","volume":"13","author":"S Deborggraeve","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011938.ref013","first-page":"632","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory analysis of patients with leishmaniasis: a retrospective study from a tertiary care center in New Delhi","volume":"12","author":"N Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iranian journal of parasitology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011938.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006922","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006922","article-title":"Validation of SYBR green I based closed tube loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay and simplified direct-blood-lysis (DBL)-LAMP assay for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL).","volume":"12","author":"KK Dixit","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001484","article-title":"Comparative study of rK39 Leishmania antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Z Maia","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1572-8","article-title":"Mobile suitcase laboratory for rapid detection of Leishmania donovani using recombinase polymerase amplification assay.","volume":"9","author":"D Mondal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0229","article-title":"Evaluation of two rK39 dipstick tests, direct agglutination test, and indirect fluorescent antibody test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in highland Ethiopia","volume":"84","author":"C Ca\u00f1avate","year":"2011","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011938.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0127","article-title":"rK39 antigen for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by using human saliva","volume":"86","author":"M Vaish","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011938.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2233","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002233","article-title":"Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar India: comparison of the rK39 rapid diagnostic test on whole blood versus serum","volume":"7","author":"G Matlashewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011938.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008963","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008963","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of direct agglutination test, rK39 ELISA and six rapid diagnostic tests among visceral leishmaniasis patients with and without HIV coinfection in Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"M Kassa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011938.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003738","article-title":"Impact of the use of a rapid diagnostic test for visceral leishmaniasis on clinical practice in Ethiopia: a retrospective study.","volume":"9","author":"E Diro","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref022","first-page":"50","article-title":"Development and assessment of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis in Iran","volume":"9","author":"M Ghasemian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46283-9","article-title":"A multicentric evaluation of dipstick test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Ethiopia and Spain.","volume":"9","author":"SA Ejazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"key":"pntd.0011938.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test method in kala-azar & Pkdl cases in a tertiary care centre of Eastern India","author":"S Chattopadhyay","DOI":"10.9790\/0853-1508061820"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46283-9","article-title":"A multicentric evaluation of dipstick test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Ethiopia and Spain","volume":"9","author":"SA Ejazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05133-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) protocols: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"AC Erber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.09.003","article-title":"Diagnostic tests for kala-azar: a multi-centre study of the freeze-dried DAT, rK39 strip test and KAtex in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent","volume":"102","author":"M Boelaert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06826-w","article-title":"Performance of rapid rk39 tests for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"DG Hagos","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011938.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0759","article-title":"Comparison of point-of-care tests for the rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in East African patients","volume":"91","author":"A Bezuneh","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011938.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2057","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002057","article-title":"Comparison of visceral leishmaniasis diagnostic antigens in African and Asian Leishmania donovani reveals extensive diversity and region-specific polymorphisms","volume":"7","author":"T Bhattacharyya","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0011938.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5751743","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5751743","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Asymptomatic Leishmania donovani among Laborers and Associated Risk Factors in Agricultural Camps of West Armachiho District, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"2018","author":"A Ayehu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-123","article-title":"Multilocus microsatellite typing reveals a genetic relationship but, also, genetic differences between Indian strains of Leishmania tropica causing cutaneous leishmaniasis and those causing visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"7","author":"L Krayter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011938.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.12.009","article-title":"Laboratory transmission of an Asian strain of Leishmania tropica by the bite of the southern European sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus","volume":"49","author":"G Bongiorno","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1743-7","article-title":"A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries.","volume":"9","author":"W Al-Salem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011938.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e889","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000889","article-title":"Inference of population structure of Leishmania donovani strains isolated from different Ethiopian visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas","volume":"4","author":"T Gelanew","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011938.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0131227","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131227","article-title":"The genetic relationship between Leishmania aethiopica and Leishmania tropica revealed by comparing microsatellite profiles.","volume":"10","author":"L Krayter","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011938.ref037","article-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy.","author":"P Macaskill","year":"2010","journal-title":"In.: Version"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011938.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.3.758","article-title":"rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"173","author":"R Badaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05558-7","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"M Mohebali","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011938.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.285831","article-title":"Leishmania donovani infection in Eastern Sudan: Comparing direct agglutination and rK39 rapid test for diagnosis-a retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"E Abass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011938.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0116408","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116408","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Leishmania donovani parasites complicates diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: comparison of different serological tests in three endemic regions","volume":"10","author":"E Abass","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011938.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.32007\/jfacmedbagdad.531915","article-title":"A comparative study of effectiveness of diagnostic tests (r K39 strip, IFAT and bone marrow stained smear) for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"53","author":"BA Sultan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pntd.0011938.ref043","first-page":"294","article-title":"Evaluation of rK39 strip test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in infants","volume":"12","author":"A Al Borzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011938.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.004","article-title":"Multi-centric prospective evaluation of rk39 rapid test and direct agglutination test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"105","author":"TS de Assis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011938.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2016.07.003","article-title":"Evaluation of recombinant K39 antigen and various promastigote antigens in sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh.","volume":"1","author":"SS Banu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite epidemiology and control"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011938.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e776","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000776","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the Leishmania OligoC-TesT and NASBA-Oligochromatography for diagnosis of leishmaniasis in Sudan","volume":"4","author":"AA Saad","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0011938.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2490-3","article-title":"The role of rk39 serologic test in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in a Tertiary Hospital, Northern Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"YK Kiros","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"key":"pntd.0011938.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.03.007","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of immunochromatographic dipstick test (ICT) rk39, soluble antigen ELISA and IFAT for the sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Morocco","volume":"182","author":"M Mniouil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"02","key":"pntd.0011938.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.544","article-title":"Compararative evaluation of rK9, rK26 and rK39 antigens in the serodiagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"TM Mohapatra","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"},{"key":"pntd.0011938.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0145-2013","article-title":"Performance of a rapid diagnostic test for the detection of visceral leishmaniasis in a large urban setting.","volume":"46","author":"AS Moura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"pntd.0011938.ref051","first-page":"2022","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of Three rK39 Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Two Direct Agglutination Tests for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Southern Iran.","author":"Z Rezaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011938.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0230610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230610","article-title":"Performance of rK39-based immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using whole blood, serum and oral fluid.","volume":"15","author":"MCA Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"01","key":"pntd.0011938.ref053","article-title":"Chapagain RSDPK: A Study of rK39 Antigen Strip Test in Bone Marrow Aspiration Test Confirmed Kala-azar Patients And Control Group.","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"Post-Graduate Medical Journal of NAMS"},{"key":"pntd.0011938.ref054","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011938.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.929","article-title":"Field evaluation of rK39 test and direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in a population with high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in Ethiopia","volume":"80","author":"R ter Horst","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011938","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T18:27:56Z","timestamp":1709749676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011938"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Walderez O.","family":"Dutra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011938","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]}}}