{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:43:15Z","timestamp":1791852195882,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011964","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000}}],"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan (MEXT),","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP23wm0125004 and JP23wm0225021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125004 and JP23wm0225021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Govt. of India","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Japan","award":["JP23fk0108683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108683"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The primary aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, characteristics, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of various <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> serogroups isolated from patients with acute diarrhea of the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kolkata from 2011\u20132019.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During the study period, <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> isolates were tested for their serogroups, antibiotic resistance pattern and virulence gene profiles. A total of 5.8% of <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp. were isolated, among which <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>flexneri<\/jats:italic> (76.1%) was the highest, followed by <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sonnei<\/jats:italic> (18.7%), <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boydii<\/jats:italic> (3.4%), <jats:italic>and S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>dysenteriae<\/jats:italic> (1.8%). Antimicrobial resistance against nalidixic acid was higher in almost all the <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> isolates, while the resistance to <jats:italic>\u03b2-lactamases<\/jats:italic>, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol diverged. The occurrence of multidrug resistance was found to be linked with various genes encoding drug-resistance, multiple mutations in the topoisomerase genes, and mobile genetic elements. All the isolates were positive for the invasion plasmid antigen H <jats:italic>gene<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>ipaH)<\/jats:italic>. Dendrogram analysis of the plasmid and pulsed-field electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles revealed 70\u201380% clonal similarity among each <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> serotype.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This comprehensive long-term surveillance report highlights the clonal diversity of clinical <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> strains circulating in Kolkata, India, and shows alarming resistance trends towards recommended antibiotics. The elucidation of this study\u2019s outcome is helpful not only in identifying emerging antimicrobial resistance patterns of <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp. but also in developing treatment guidelines appropriate for this region.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T18:34:36Z","timestamp":1708454076000},"page":"e0011964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prevalence and changing antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrheal patients in Kolkata during 2011\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Puja","family":"Bose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goutam","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gourab","family":"Halder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debjani","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alok K.","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Kitahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-ichi","family":"Miyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatomo","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thandavarayan","family":"Ramamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanta","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5638-4520","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asish Kumar","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.152088","article-title":"Shigella Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Mechanisms, 2004\u20132014","volume":"22","author":"M N\u00fcesch-Inderbinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","article-title":"Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"E Tacconelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.070912-0","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrhoeal and asymptomatic children","volume":"63","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.5.5.669","article-title":"Live-attenuated Shigella vaccines","volume":"5","author":"MM Venkatesan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0321-1","article-title":"Prevalence of Shigella species and its drug resistance pattern in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"S Hussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00032-07","article-title":"Molecular Pathogenesis of Shigella spp.: Controlling Host Cell Signaling, Invasion, and Death by Type III Secretion","volume":"21","author":"GN Schroeder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.187104","article-title":"Shigellosis: Epidemiology in India","volume":"143","author":"N Taneja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2017.1409453","article-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition: a systematic review of the evidence for antimicrobial therapy","volume":"38","author":"PCM Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0222-9","article-title":"Low distribution of genes encoding virulence factors in Shigella flexneri serotypes 1b clinical isolates from eastern Chinese populations","volume":"9","author":"W Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Pathogens"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.459","article-title":"Prevalence and Virulence Genes of Shigella spp. Isolated from Patients with Diarrhea in Rosario, Argentina","volume":"69","author":"C Casabonne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4076","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4076-4082.2005","article-title":"Distribution of the Serine Protease Autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae among Extraintestinal Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli","volume":"43","author":"NJ Parham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref012","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Annual epidemiological report 2013: reporting on 2011 surveillance data and 2012 epidemic intelligence data. LU: Publications Office; 2013. https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2900\/13174"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.07.005","article-title":"Shigella infections in children: new insights","volume":"15","author":"S. Ashkenazi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02861.x","article-title":"Bacterial resistance evolution by recruitment of super-integron gene cassettes","volume":"43","author":"DA Rowe-Magnus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-184","article-title":"A unified approach to molecular epidemiology investigations: tools and patterns in California as a case study for endemic shigellosis","volume":"9","author":"S Al-Nimri","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31826df662","article-title":"Acute diarrhea in adults and children: a global perspective","volume":"47","author":"M Farthing","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812001677","article-title":"The Shigella human challenge model","volume":"141","author":"CK Porter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0160290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160290","article-title":"The Emergence of Quinolone Resistant Shigella sonnei, Pondicherry, India","volume":"11","author":"A Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00310-06","article-title":"Characterization of Shigella Strains in Iran by Plasmid Profile Analysis and PCR Amplification of ipa Genes","volume":"44","author":"S Farshad","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref020","first-page":"56","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance among Shigella in New Zealand","volume":"131","author":"H Heffernan","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1495-6","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and genetic characterization of Shigella spp. in Shanxi Province, China, during 2006\u20132016","volume":"19","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2806.220131","article-title":"Antimicrobial-Resistant Shigella spp. in San Diego, California, USA, 2017\u20132020","volume":"28","author":"T Gaufin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.032920-0","article-title":"Genetic characteristics and changing antimicrobial resistance among Shigella spp. isolated from hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India","volume":"60","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-2-4","article-title":"Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India","volume":"2","author":"GB Nair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref025","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 30th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2020."},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.145.3.1365-1373.1981","article-title":"Rapid procedure for detection and isolation of large and small plasmids","volume":"145","author":"CI Kado","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082601","article-title":"Changing trends in the prevalence of Shigella species: emergence of multi-drug resistant Shigella sonnei biotype g in Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"AIMS Ud-Din","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2013.33.2.111","article-title":"Surveillance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns among Shigella Species Isolated in China during the 7-Year Period of 2005\u20132011","volume":"33","author":"H Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5833","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5833-5834.2003","article-title":"Newly Emerged Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 Strains in and around Kolkata, India, Are Clonal","volume":"41","author":"S Dutta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805004498","article-title":"Species diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella spp. isolated between 2001 and 2004 from hospitalized children with diarrhoea in Kolkata (Calcutta), India","volume":"133","author":"GP Pazhani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02656.x","article-title":"Subtype prevalence, plasmid profiles and growing fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella from Kolkata, India (2001\u20132007): a hospital-based study","volume":"15","author":"S Nandy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_20_107","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial profile of Shigella isolates in a tertiary care hospital of North Karnataka: A 12-year study","volume":"38","author":"PA Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref033","first-page":"863","article-title":"Changing patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella serotypes isolated from children with acute diarrhea in Manipal, South India, a 5 year study","volume":"38","author":"B Mamatha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1937-2","article-title":"Shigellosis in Bay of Bengal Islands, India: clinical and seasonal patterns, surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Shigella strains isolated during a 6-year period from 2006 to 2011","volume":"33","author":"D Bhattacharya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref035","first-page":"225","article-title":"Shigella flexneri: a three-year antimicrobial resistance monitoring of isolates in a Children Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran","volume":"6","author":"S Khaghani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref036","first-page":"435","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella flexneri serotype 2 variant in China","volume":"6","author":"X Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0195259","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195259","article-title":"Dominant serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella spp. in Xinjiang, China","volume":"13","author":"H Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0314-9","article-title":"Extensive inter-strain diversity among clinical isolates of Shigella flexneri with reference to its serotype, virulence traits and plasmid incompatibility types, a study from south India over a 6-year period","volume":"11","author":"A Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Pathogens"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009501","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009501","article-title":"Relative transmissibility of shigellosis among different age groups: A modeling study in Hubei Province, China","volume":"15","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2007.02425.x","article-title":"Evaluation of shigellosis in a Turkish children\u2019s hospital","volume":"49","author":"C Karacan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818001681","article-title":"Use of gender distribution in routine surveillance data to detect potential transmission of gastrointestinal infections among men who have sex with men in England","volume":"146","author":"P Mook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762006000300003","article-title":"Frequency of serovars and antimicrobial resistance in Shigella spp. from Brazil","volume":"101","author":"G Peirano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6362","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2603","article-title":"Genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Shigella spp. isolates from food products","volume":"9","author":"B Pakbin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020063","article-title":"Burden, Antibiotic Resistance, and Clonality of Shigella spp. Implicated in Community-Acquired Acute Diarrhoea in Lilongwe, Malawi","volume":"6","author":"AFND Phiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref046","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); 2019 Nov."},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn264","article-title":"Description of an unusual class 2 integron in Shigella sonnei isolates in Senegal (sub-Saharan Africa)","volume":"62","author":"A Gassama Sow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.022517-0","article-title":"Integron types, gene cassettes, antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmids of Shigella sonnei isolates from outbreaks and sporadic cases in Taiwan","volume":"60","author":"C-Y Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S148726","article-title":"Molecular analysis of multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of Shigella spp. from 2001\u20132010 in Kolkata, India: role of integrons, plasmids, and topoisomerase mutations","volume":"11","author":"N Rajpara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.933-951.2001","article-title":"Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases in the 21st Century: Characterization, Epidemiology, and Detection of This Important Resistance Threat","volume":"14","author":"PA Bradford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/163.4.1237","article-title":"Experimental prediction of the natural evolution of antibiotic resistance","volume":"163","author":"M Barlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.2008\/000521-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Shigella species isolated from epidemic and endemic cases of shigellosis in India","volume":"57","author":"GP Pazhani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2174\/97816080585491140101","volume-title":"Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery","author":"Atta-ur-Rahman Prof","year":"2014"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S219755","article-title":"Shigella: Antibiotic-Resistance Mechanisms And New Horizons For Treatment","volume":"12","author":"R Ranjbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref055","first-page":"550","article-title":"A study on the mechanism of the resistance of Shigellae to fluoroquinolones","volume":"38","author":"J Ding","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.59","article-title":"Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet","volume":"3","author":"EM Ribot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0156020","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156020","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Shigella sonnei: An Increasingly Prevalent Etiologic Agent of Shigellosis in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China","volume":"11","author":"S Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02277-0","article-title":"Virulence factors and molecular characteristics of Shigella flexneri isolated from calves with diarrhea","volume":"21","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.081307-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of serologically atypical provisional serovars of Shigella isolates from Kolkata, India","volume":"63","author":"S Dutta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2521","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002521","article-title":"Laboratory-based prospective surveillance for community outbreaks of Shigella spp. in Argentina","volume":"7","author":"MR Vi\u00f1as","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102533","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone Resistance Mechanisms of Shigella flexneri Isolated in Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"IJ Azmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0221458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221458","article-title":"Azithromycin non-susceptible Shigella circulating in Israel, 2014\u20132016","volume":"14","author":"AV Ezernitchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1711.110403","article-title":"Foodborne-associated Shigella sonnei, India, 2009 and 2010","volume":"17","author":"S Nandy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011964.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4933","article-title":"Molecular typing of Shigella sonnei isolates circulating in Nanjing, China, 2007\u20132011","volume":"8","author":"T Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011964","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011964","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T18:49:47Z","timestamp":1709318987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011964"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sivanantham","family":"Krishnamoorthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011964","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011964","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]}}}