{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:42:16Z","timestamp":1792651336498,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI170587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI170587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI132953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI132953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Schistosomiasis is one of the world\u2019s most devastating parasitic diseases, afflicting 251 million people globally. The Neotropical snail\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an important intermediate host of the human blood fluke\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and a predominant model for schistosomiasis research. To fully exploit this model snail for biomedical research, here we report a haplotype-like, chromosome-level assembled and annotated genome of the homozygous iM line of\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    that we developed at the University of New Mexico. Using multiple sequencing platforms, including Illumina, PacBio, and Omni-C sequencing, 18 sequence contact matrices representing 18 haploid chromosomes (2n = 36) were generated (337x genome coverage), and 96.5% of the scaffold sequences were anchored to the 18 chromosomes. Protein-coding genes (n = 34,559), non-coding RNAs (n = 2,406), and repetitive elements (42.52% of the genome) were predicted for the whole genome, and detailed annotations for individual chromosomes were also provided. Using this genomic resource, we have investigated the genomic structure and organization of the\n                    <jats:italic>Toll-like receptor<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>TLR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>fibrinogen-domain containing protein<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>FReD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) genes, the two important immune-related gene families. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>TLR-like<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes are scattered on 13 chromosomes. In contrast, almost all (39 of 40)\n                    <jats:italic>fibrinogen-related genes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>FREPs<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) (immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) + fibrinogen (FBG)) are clustered within a 5-million nucleotide region on chromosome 13, yielding insight into mechanisms involved in the diversification of\n                    <jats:italic>FREPs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This is the first genome of schistosomiasis vector snails that has been assembled at the chromosome level, annotated, and analyzed. It serves as a valuable resource for a deeper understanding of the biology of vector snails, especially\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    snails.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T13:22:14Z","timestamp":1709212934000},"page":"e0011983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A haplotype-like, chromosome-level assembled and annotated genome of Biomphalaria glabrata, an important intermediate host of schistosomiasis and the best studied model of schistosomiasis vector snails"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Daibin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijing","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed R.","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4986-9711","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Si-Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011983.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18616-6_3","volume-title":"Digenetic Trematodes","author":"PT LoVerde","year":"2019"},{"key":"pntd.0011983.ref002","unstructured":"WHO. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis. 2023."},{"key":"pntd.0011983.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70001-5","article-title":"HIV and schistosomiasis co-infection in African children","volume":"14","author":"A Bustinduy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011983.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0494","article-title":"Interactions of Schistosoma and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review","volume":"102","author":"BD Furch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0011983.ref005","first-page":"211","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and malignancy","volume":"84","author":"LB Lemmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"South Afr Med J Suid-Afr Tydskr Vir Geneeskd"},{"key":"pntd.0011983.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-017-0547-4","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis and cancer","volume":"110","author":"A Berry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1990"},{"key":"pntd.0011983.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01945954","article-title":"Synthesis and properties of Praziquantel, a novel broad spectrum anthelmintic with excellent activity against Schistosomes and Cestodes","volume":"33","author":"J Seubert","year":"1977","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"pntd.0011983.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3697216","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3697216","article-title":"Prevalence and reinfection rates of Schistosoma mansoni and Praziquantel efficacy against the parasite among primary school children in Sanja town, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"2019","author":"E Woldegerima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0011983.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0243224","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243224","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on the rate of human schistosomiasis reinfection","volume":"15","author":"A Zacharia","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011983.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004794","article-title":"Global assessment of schistosomiasis control over the past century shows targeting the snail intermediate host works best","volume":"10","author":"SH Sokolow","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011983.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0831","article-title":"Snail-related contributions from the schistosomiasis consortium for operational research and evaluation program including xenomonitoring, focal mollusciciding, biological control, and modeling","volume":"103","author":"F Allan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med 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