{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T11:06:43Z","timestamp":1783595203976,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["883\/4-1 & 883\/4-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["883\/4-1 & 883\/4-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West African <jats:italic>Mastomys<\/jats:italic> rodents are the primary reservoir of the zoonotic Lassa virus (LASV). The virus causes haemorrhagic Lassa fever and considerable mortality in humans. To date, the role of <jats:italic>Mastomys<\/jats:italic> immunogenetics in resistance to, and persistence of, LASV infections is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of Major Histocompatibility Complex class I (MHC-I) on LASV infection status (i.e., active vs. cleared infection, determined via PCR and an immunofluorescence assay on IgG antibodies, respectively) in <jats:italic>Mastomys natalensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>erythroleucus<\/jats:italic> sampled within southwestern Nigeria. We identified more than 190 and 90 MHC-I alleles by Illumina high throughput-sequencing in <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>natalensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>erythroleucus<\/jats:italic>, respectively, with different MHC allele compositions and frequencies between LASV endemic and non-endemic sites. In <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>natalensis<\/jats:italic>, the MHC allele ManaMHC-I*006 was negatively associated with active infections (PCR-positive) and positively associated with cleared infections (IgG-positive) simultaneously, suggesting efficient immune responses that facilitate LASV clearance in animals carrying this allele. Contrarily, alleles ManaMHC-I*008 and ManaMHC-I*021 in <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>natalensis<\/jats:italic>, and MaerMHC-I*008 in <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>erythroleucus<\/jats:italic>, were positively associated with active infection, implying susceptibility. Alleles associated with susceptibility shared a glutamic acid at the positively selected codon 57, while ManaMHC-I*006 featured an arginine. There was no link between number of MHC alleles per <jats:italic>Mastomys<\/jats:italic> individual and LASV prevalence. Thus, specific alleles, but not MHC diversity <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>, seem to mediate antibody responses to viremia. We conclude that co-evolution with LASV likely shaped the MHC-I diversity of the main LASV reservoirs in southwestern Nigeria, and that information on reservoir immunogenetics may hold insights into transmission dynamics and zoonotic spillover risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T18:21:34Z","timestamp":1709230894000},"page":"e0011984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["MHC-I alleles mediate clearance and antibody response to the zoonotic Lassa virus in Mastomys rodent reservoirs"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1079-1446","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayodeji","family":"Olayemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik Werner","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Christoph","family":"Heni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Mueller-Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Haikukutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Fichet-Calvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011984.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008811","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008811","article-title":"Bridging the gap: Using reservoir ecology and human serosurveys to estimate Lassa virus spillover in West Africa","volume":"17","author":"AJ Basinski","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"6073","key":"pntd.0011984.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6073.1399","article-title":"Lassa fever in Panguma Hospital, Sierra Leone, 1973\u20136","volume":"1","author":"E Keane","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"6648","key":"pntd.0011984.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6648.584","article-title":"A prospective study of maternal and fetal outcome in acute Lassa fever infection during pregnancy","volume":"297","author":"ME Price","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011984.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002748","article-title":"Lassa fever in post-conflict sierra leone","volume":"8","author":"JG Shaffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011984.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006187","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006187","article-title":"Lassa fever-induced sensorineural hearing loss: A neglected public health and social burden","volume":"12","author":"EJ Mateer","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00431-0","article-title":"The niche of One Health approaches in Lassa fever surveillance and control","volume":"20","author":"LB Arruda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0011984.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002324118","article-title":"Ranking the risk of animal-to-human spillover for newly discovered viruses","volume":"118","author":"ZL Grange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011984.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv047","article-title":"Mapping the zoonotic niche of Lassa fever in Africa","volume":"109","author":"AQ Mylne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref009","unstructured":"WHO. Annual Review of Diseases Prioritized under the Research and Development Blueprint Informal Consultation 24\u201325 January 2017. Geneva, Switzerland.. 2017;http:\/\/www.who.int\/blueprint\/what\/research-development\/2017-Prioritization-Long-Report.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.09.009","article-title":"The WHO R&D Blueprint: 2018 review of emerging infectious diseases requiring urgent research and development efforts","volume":"159","author":"MS Mehand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lassa fever\u2014the road ahead","volume":"2022","author":"RF Garry","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"4147","key":"pntd.0011984.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4147.263","article-title":"Lassa virus isolation from Mastomys natalensis rodents during an epidemic in Sierra Leone","volume":"185","author":"TP Monath","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2146-0","article-title":"No measurable adverse effects of Lassa, Morogoro and Gairo arenaviruses on their rodent reservoir host in natural conditions","volume":"10","author":"J Marien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100317","article-title":"Detection of Lassa virus in wild rodent feces: Implications for Lassa fever burden within households in the endemic region of Faranah, Guinea","volume":"13","author":"R Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1766381","article-title":"Households as hotspots of Lassa fever? Assessing the spatial distribution of Lassa virus-infected rodents in rural villages of Guinea","volume":"9","author":"J Marien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref016","unstructured":"Happold DCD. Mammals of Africa Volume III\u2014Rodents, Hares and Rabbits. Bloomsbury, London. 2013:784 pp."},{"issue":"20018","key":"pntd.0011984.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.25225\/jvb.20018","article-title":"Dhati Welel virus, the missing mammarenavirus of the widespread Mastomys natalensis","volume":"69","author":"JB, A Gouy de Bellocq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Biology"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.12.011","article-title":"Gairo virus, a novel arenavirus of the widespread Mastomys natalensis: Genetically divergent, but ecologically similar to Lassa and Morogoro viruses","volume":"476","author":"S Gryseels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011984.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.10452","article-title":"Novel arenavirus, Zambia","volume":"17","author":"A Ishii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011984.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2204.150155","article-title":"Arenavirus Diversity and Phylogeography of Mastomys natalensis Rodents, Nigeria","volume":"22","author":"A Olayemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011984.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0010","article-title":"Presence of Mopeia virus, an African arenavirus, related to biotope and individual rodent host characteristics: implications for virus transmission","volume":"11","author":"B Borremans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011984.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1512.090864","article-title":"Mopeia virus-related arenavirus in natal multimammate mice, Morogoro, Tanzania","volume":"15","author":"S Gunther","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2022.06.006","article-title":"Plague in Tanzania: first report of sylvatic plague in Morogoro region, persistence in Mbulu focus, and ongoing quiescence in Lushoto and Iringa foci","volume":"4","author":"L Haikukutu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJID Reg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011984.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1515\/mammalia-2023-0031","article-title":"Molecular detection of Leptospira and Bartonella in Mastomys natalensis and its ectoparasites in Morogoro, Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"CMV. Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mammalia"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.09.001","article-title":"Diagnosis and genetic analysis of the worldwide distributed Rattus-borne Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi and its allied species in blood and fleas of rodents","volume":"63","author":"PA Ortiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25280","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25280","article-title":"New Hosts of The Lassa Virus","volume":"6","author":"A Olayemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011984.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030312","article-title":"Systematics, Ecology, and Host Switching: Attributes Affecting Emergence of the Lassa Virus in Rodents across Western Africa","volume":"12","author":"A Olayemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011984.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v17.i2.40","article-title":"The nature of selection on the major histocompatibility complex","volume":"17","author":"V Apanius","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref029","volume-title":"Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease","author":"CA Janeway","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011984.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.01.001","article-title":"Generalists and Specialists: A New View of How MHC Class I Molecules Fight Infectious Pathogens","volume":"39","author":"J. Kaufman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011984.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2020.01.008","article-title":"Advances in the Evolutionary Understanding of MHC Polymorphism","volume":"36","author":"J Radwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-2-16","article-title":"The importance of immune gene variability (MHC) in evolutionary ecology and conservation","volume":"2","author":"S. Sommer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front Zool"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030222","article-title":"Contrasting epidemic histories reveal pathogen-mediated balancing selection on class II MHC diversity in a wild songbird","volume":"7","author":"DM Hawley","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"40","key":"pntd.0011984.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16705","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106893108","article-title":"MHC genotypes associate with resistance to a frog-killing fungus","volume":"108","author":"AE Savage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5638","key":"pntd.0011984.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088293","article-title":"Parasite selection for immunogenetic optimality","volume":"301","author":"KM Wegner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011984.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi112","article-title":"MHC class II DRB variability and parasite load in the striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) in the Southern Kalahari","volume":"22","author":"G Froeschke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-269","article-title":"Diverse MHC IIB allele repertoire increases parasite resistance and body condition in the Long-tailed giant rat (Leopoldamys sabanus)","volume":"9","author":"TL Lenz","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref038","first-page":"70","article-title":"Role of major histocompatibility complex class II in resistance of mice to naturally acquired infection with Syphacia obvelata","volume":"53","author":"PW Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-009-0411-x","article-title":"Polymorphism and signatures of selection in the multimammate rat DQB gene","volume":"62","author":"J Gouy de Bellocq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011984.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz188","article-title":"Comparative Genomic Characterization of the Multimammate Mouse Mastomys coucha","volume":"36","author":"A Hardin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pntd.0011984.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8351","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00896-06","article-title":"Identification of protective Lassa virus epitopes that are restricted by HLA-A2","volume":"80","author":"J Botten","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7821","key":"pntd.0011984.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2562-8","article-title":"Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems","volume":"584","author":"R Gibb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1924","key":"pntd.0011984.ref043","first-page":"20192736","article-title":"Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk","volume":"287","author":"CK Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011984.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1484","article-title":"Lassa serology in natural populations of rodents and horizontal transmission","volume":"14","author":"E Fichet-Calvet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10445","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10445","article-title":"Shedding dynamics of Morogoro virus, an African arenavirus closely related to Lassa virus, in its natural reservoir host Mastomys natalensis","volume":"5","author":"B Borremans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2991-5","article-title":"Widespread arenavirus occurrence and seroprevalence in small mammals, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"A Olayemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011984.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050851","article-title":"Experimental Morogoro Virus Infection in Its Natural Host, Mastomys natalensis","volume":"13","author":"C Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011984.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1256-7","article-title":"Arenavirus Dynamics in Experimentally and Naturally Infected Rodents","volume":"14","author":"J Marien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"issue":"1728","key":"pntd.0011984.ref049","first-page":"577","article-title":"Quantitative disease resistance: to better understand parasite-mediated selection on major histocompatibility complex","volume":"279","author":"H Westerdahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.2307\/1382742","article-title":"Guidelines for working with rodents potentially infected with hantavirus","volume":"76","author":"JNY T. L. Mills","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219350","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2219350","article-title":"Circulation of Lassa virus across the endemic Edo-Ondo axis, Nigeria, with cross-species transmission between multimammate mice","volume":"12","author":"AS Adesina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"pntd.0011984.ref052","first-page":"429","article-title":"Indirect immunofluorescence for the diagnosis of Lassa fever infection","volume":"52","author":"H Wulff","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-018-0266-9","article-title":"Meta-populational demes constitute a reservoir for large MHC allele diversity in wild house mice (Mus musculus)","volume":"15","author":"M Linnenbrink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Zool"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref054","first-page":"365","article-title":"Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers","volume":"132","author":"S Rozen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011984.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13290","article-title":"A novel workflow to improve genotyping of multigene families in wildlife species: An experimental set-up with a known model system","volume":"21","author":"MAF Gillingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011984.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16491","article-title":"Interaction between MHC diversity and constitution, gut microbiota and Astrovirus infections in a neotropical bat","volume":"31","author":"R Fleischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"1759","key":"pntd.0011984.ref057","first-page":"20130134","article-title":"Mhc supertypes confer both qualitative and quantitative resistance to avian malaria infections in a wild bird population","volume":"280","author":"I Sepil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011984.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(96)80542-1","article-title":"Practical, biochemical and evolutionary implications of the discovery of HLA class I supermotifs","volume":"17","author":"J Sidney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011984.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst179","article-title":"PAMLX: a graphical user interface for PAML","volume":"30","author":"B Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0011984.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1021\/jm9700575","article-title":"New chemical descriptors relevant for the design of biologically active peptides. A multivariate characterization of 87 amino acids","volume":"41","author":"M Sandberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-11-94","article-title":"Discriminant analysis of principal components: a new method for the analysis of genetically structured populations","volume":"11","author":"T Jombart","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref062","unstructured":"Anderson MJ. Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance. WileyStatsRef: Statistics Reference Online. 2017."},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref063","unstructured":"Oksanen J, Simpson, G. L., Blanchet, G. F., Roeland Kindt, Pierre, Legendre PRM, R.B. O\u2019Hara, Peter Solymos, M. Henry H. Stevens, Eduard Szoecs HW, Matt Barbour, Michael Bedward, Ben Bolker, Daniel Borcard GC, Michael Chirico, Miquel De Caceres, Sebastien Durand HBAE, Rich FitzJohn, Michael Friendly BF, Geoffrey Hannigan, Mark O. Hill, Leo, et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.6\u20132. 2022."},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffith DMM, C. J.;. cooccur: Probabilistic Species Co.Occurrence Analysis in R. Journal of Statistical Software. 2016;131664617.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v069.c02"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011984.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14590","article-title":"MHC class II genotype-by-pathogen genotype interaction for infection prevalence in a natural rodent-Borrelia system","volume":"76","author":"L Raberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"pntd.0011984.ref066","unstructured":"R-Core-Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00223542","article-title":"Evolution of the major histocompatibility complex: a hundred-fold amplification of MHC class I genes in the African pigmy mouse Nannomys setulosus","volume":"37","author":"C Delarbre","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011984.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-007-0205-y","article-title":"Gene duplication, allelic diversity, selection processes and adaptive value of MHC class II DRB genes of the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus","volume":"59","author":"J Axtner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011984.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-004-0666-1","article-title":"Gene duplication and gene conversion in class II MHC genes of New Zealand robins (Petroicidae)","volume":"56","author":"HC Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011984.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-004-0704-z","article-title":"Recent duplication and inter-locus gene conversion in major histocompatibility class II genes in a teleost, the three-spined stickleback","volume":"56","author":"TB Reusch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-017-0997-9","article-title":"Extreme MHC class I diversity in the sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus); selection patterns and allelic divergence suggest that different genes have different functions","volume":"17","author":"A Biedrzycka","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"pntd.0011984.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-019-01128-7","article-title":"Can extreme MHC class I diversity be a feature of a wide geographic range? The example of Seba\u2019s short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata)","volume":"71","author":"T Qurkhuli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011984.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1111\/jzs.12569","article-title":"Diversity, distribution, and evolutionary history of the most studied African rodents, multimammate mice of the genus Mastomys: An overview after a quarter of century of using DNA sequencing","volume":"59","author":"A. H\u00e1nov\u00e1 AK","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Systematics and Evolutionary Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011984.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0711801","article-title":"Antibody responses to combinations of antigens in white Leghorn chickens of different background genomes and major histocompatibility complex genotypes","volume":"71","author":"EA Dunnington","year":"1992","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011984.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-003-0566-9","article-title":"Chicken MHC class I and II gene effects on antibody response kinetics in adult chickens","volume":"55","author":"H Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011984.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16486","article-title":"Long term patterns of association between MHC and helminth burdens in the bank vole support Red Queen dynamics","volume":"31","author":"M Migalska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.04015.x","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation in the strength and mode of selection acting on major histocompatibility complex diversity in water vole (Arvicola terrestris) metapopulations","volume":"18","author":"MK Oliver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"pntd.0011984.ref078","first-page":"637","article-title":"The biology, behaviour, and ecology of Mastomys natalensis in southern Africa","volume":"52","author":"CG Coetzee","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"7943","key":"pntd.0011984.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05506-2","article-title":"Pathogen spillover driven by rapid changes in bat ecology","volume":"613","author":"P Eby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011984.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399403005957","article-title":"MHC-based vaccination approaches: progress and perspectives","volume":"5","author":"NK Mehra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011984.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0148-y","article-title":"Identification of antigens presented by MHC for vaccines against tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"P Bettencourt","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011984","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T18:22:25Z","timestamp":1709230945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011984"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nam-Hyuk","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011984","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]}}}