{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T17:38:30Z","timestamp":1781804310484,"version":"3.54.5"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012013","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000}}],"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01AI151807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01AI151807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/21719-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/21719-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/03645-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/03645-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"INCT Viral Genomic Surveillance and One Health","award":["405786\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["405786\/2022-0"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["306182\/2018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306182\/2018-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has spread across Brazil with varying incidence rates depending on the affected areas. Due to cocirculation of arboviruses and overlapping disease symptoms, CHIKV infection may be underdiagnosed. To understand the lack of CHIKV epidemics in S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto (SJdRP), S\u00e3o Paulo (SP), Brazil, we evaluated viral circulation by investigating anti-CHIKV IgG seroconversion in a prospective study of asymptomatic individuals and detecting anti-CHIKV IgM in individuals suspected of dengue infection, as well as CHIKV presence in <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes. The opportunity to assess two different groups (symptomatic and asymptomatic) exposed at the same geographic region aimed to broaden the possibility of identifying the viral circulation, which had been previously considered absent.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Based on a prospective population study model and demographic characteristics (sex and age), we analyzed the anti-CHIKV IgG seroconversion rate in 341 subjects by ELISA over four years. The seroprevalence increased from 0.35% in the first year to 2.3% after 3 years of follow-up. Additionally, we investigated 497 samples from a blood panel collected from dengue-suspected individuals during the 2019 dengue outbreak in SJdRP. In total, 4.4% were positive for anti-CHIKV IgM, and 8.6% were positive for IgG. To exclude alphavirus cross-reactivity, we evaluated the presence of anti-Mayaro virus (MAYV) IgG by ELISA, and the positivity rate was 0.3% in the population study and 0.8% in the blood panel samples. In CHIKV and MAYV plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs), the positivity rate for CHIKV-neutralizing antibodies in these ELISA-positive samples was 46.7%, while no MAYV-neutralizing antibodies were detected. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed CHIKV genotype ECSA in S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, SP. Finally, mosquitoes collected to complement human surveillance revealed CHIKV positivity of 2.76% of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> and 9.09% of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albopictus<\/jats:italic> (although it was far less abundant than <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic>) by RT\u2013qPCR.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our data suggest cryptic CHIKV circulation in SJdRP detected by continual active surveillance. These low levels, but increasing, of viral circulation highlight the possibility of CHIKV outbreaks, as there is a large na\u00efve population. Improved knowledge of the epidemiological situation might aid in outbreaks prevention.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T17:47:21Z","timestamp":1710438441000},"page":"e0012013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cryptic circulation of chikungunya virus in S\u00e3o Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil, 2015\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Nathalia","family":"Zini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Henrique Tavares","family":"\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia Morbi","family":"Cezarotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisa 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A challenge for rheumatologists and health care systems.","volume":"35","author":"C Pineda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012013.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1086\/605496","article-title":"Chikungunya fever: an epidemiological review of a re-emerging infectious disease","volume":"49","author":"E Staples J","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012013.ref016","first-page":"e01622","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence for lineage-specific differences in the risk of inapparent chikungunya virus infection","volume":"93","author":"B Carrillo F","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012013.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.190846","article-title":"Transmission of chikungunya virus in an urban slum, Brazil","volume":"26","author":"O Anjos R","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012013.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003764","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003764","article-title":"High rate of subclinical chikungunya virus infection and association of neutralizing antibody with protection in a prospective cohort in the Philippines.","volume":"9","author":"I K Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012013.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010069","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010069","article-title":"The global epidemiology of chikungunya from 1999 to 2020: a systematic literature review to inform the development and introduction of vaccines","volume":"16","author":"A A Bettis","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012013.ref020","volume-title":"Boletim de chikungunya","author":"Preto S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio","year":"2022"},{"key":"pntd.0012013.ref021","volume-title":"Dengue e chikungunya. 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