{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:42:59Z","timestamp":1790638979098,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012029","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000}}],"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ejercito nacional de colombia","award":["disan"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["disan"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a tropical disease characterized by cutaneous ulcers, sometimes with satellite lesions and nodular lymphangitis. <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites, transmitted by sandfly vectors, cause this widespread public health challenge affecting millions worldwide. CL\u2019s complexity stems from diverse <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species and intricate host interactions. Therefore, this study aims to shed light on the spatial-temporal distribution of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species and exploring the influence of skin microbiota on disease progression. We analyzed 40 samples from CL patients at three military bases across Colombia. Using Oxford Nanopore\u2019s Heat Shock Protein 70 sequencing, we identified <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species and profiled microbiota in CL lesions and corresponding healthy limbs. Illumina sequencing of <jats:italic>16S-rRNA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>18S-rRNA<\/jats:italic> genes helped analyze prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities. Our research uncovered a spatial-temporal overlap between regions of high CL incidence and our sampling locations, indicating the coexistence of various <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species. <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>naiffi<\/jats:italic> emerged as a noteworthy discovery. In addition, our study delved into the changes in skin microbiota associated with CL lesions sampled by scraping compared with healthy skin sampled by brushing of upper and lower limbs. We observed alterations in microbial diversity, both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities, within the lesioned areas, signifying the potential role of microbiota in CL pathogenesis. The significant increase in specific bacterial families, such as Staphylococcaceae and Streptococcaceae, within CL lesions indicates their contribution to local inflammation. In essence, our study contributes to the ongoing research into CL, highlighting the need for a multifaceted approach to decipher the intricate interactions between Leishmaniasis and the skin microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T17:45:38Z","timestamp":1710351938000},"page":"e0012029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prokaryotic and eukaryotic skin microbiota modifications triggered by Leishmania infection in localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Jaimes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz Helena","family":"Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanny","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilo A.","family":"Correa-C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1344-9312","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan David","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012029.ref001","author":"JA Ruiz-Postigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global leishmaniasis surveillance: 2019\u20132020, a baseline for the 2030 roadmap"},{"key":"pntd.0012029.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05529-y","article-title":"Distribution, treatment outcome and genetic diversity of Leishmania species in military personnel from Colombia with cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"20","author":"CA Correa-C\u00e1rdenas","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012029.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005876","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005876","article-title":"Spatial distribution, Leishmania species and clinical traits of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis cases in the Colombian army","volume":"11","author":"LH Patino","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012029.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006419","article-title":"Geospatial-temporal distribution of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Colombia (2007\u20132016)","volume":"12","author":"G Herrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012029.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0451-5","article-title":"An interactive database of Leishmania species distribution in the Americas","volume":"7","author":"G Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"pntd.0012029.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214124","article-title":"Evaluating the spatial distribution of Leishmania parasites in Colombia from clinical samples and human isolates (1999 to 2016)","volume":"14","author":"C Ovalle-Bracho","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0012029.ref007","unstructured":"INS IN de S. 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