{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:23:57Z","timestamp":1793125437810,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012030","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000}}],"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301384\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301384\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["151891\/2022-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["151891\/2022-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health - Brazil","award":["TED 20\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED 20\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y7p0749","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brucellosis, a widely spread zoonotic disease, poses significant diagnostic challenges due to its non-specific symptoms and underreporting. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective patient management and public health control. However, a comprehensive comparative review of available diagnostic tests is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review addressed the following question: \u2018What is the accuracy of the available tests to confirm human brucellosis?\u2019 Two independent reviewers examined articles published up to January 2023. The review included original studies reporting symptomatic patients with brucellosis suspicion, through any index test, with sensitivity and\/or specificity as outcomes. As exclusion criteria were considered: sample size smaller than 10 patients, studies focusing on complicated brucellosis, and those lacking essential information about index or comparator tests. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed, with consideration for the index test, and \u2018culture\u2019 and \u2018culture and standard tube agglutination test (SAT)\u2019 were used as reference standards. Bias assessment and certainty of evidence were carried out using the QUADAS-2 and GRADE tools, respectively. A total of 38 studies reporting diagnostic test performance for human brucellosis were included. However, the evidence available is limited, and significant variability was observed among studies. Regarding the reference test, culture and\/or SAT are deemed more appropriate than culture alone. Rose Bengal, IgG\/IgM ELISA, and PCR exhibited equally high performances, indicating superior overall diagnostic accuracy, with very low certainty of the evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review underscores the potential of the Rose Bengal test, IgG\/IgM ELISA, and PCR as promising diagnostic tools for brucellosis. However, the successful implementation and recommendations for their use should consider the local context and available resources. The findings highlight the pressing need for standardization, improved reporting, and ongoing advancements in test development to enhance the accuracy and accessibility of brucellosis diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T14:01:18Z","timestamp":1709820078000},"page":"e0012030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Diagnosis of human brucellosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3380-2651","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mariana Louren\u00e7o","family":"Freire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00e1lia Santana","family":"Machado de Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Nascimento","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gl\u00e1ucia","family":"Cota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70382-6","article-title":"The new global map of human brucellosis","volume":"6","author":"G Pappas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref002","article-title":"Brucellosis: epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis.","author":"M Bosilkovski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Uptodate, United States."},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010404","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010404","article-title":"Human brucellosis: Widespread information deficiency hinders an understanding of global disease frequency.","volume":"16","author":"CG Laine","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050570","article-title":"Brucellosis.","volume":"352","author":"G Pappas","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02105-8","article-title":"Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis","volume":"25","author":"BG Mantur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref006","first-page":"115","article-title":"Brucellosis: current epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.","volume":"15","author":"EJ Young","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr Clin Top Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475519846422","article-title":"The influence of illness duration before diagnosis on clinical characteristics and outcome in human brucellosis.","volume":"49","author":"M Bosilkovski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46097-0","article-title":"Protean clinical manifestations and diagnostic challenges of human brucellosis in adults: 16 years\u2019 experience in an endemic area","volume":"55","author":"BG Mantur","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/0036554021000027000","article-title":"Neurobrucellosis in an endemic area of brucellosis","volume":"35","author":"H Bodur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref010","first-page":"33","article-title":"Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis","author":"P Yagupsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121623","article-title":"Microbiological Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis: An Overview.","volume":"10","author":"G Di Bonaventura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.10.2673-2674.1997","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of Brucella bacteremia by using the BACTEC 9240 system","volume":"35","author":"RM Bannatyne","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.1999.0586","article-title":"Brucella bacteraemia: clinical and laboratory observations in 160 patients.","volume":"40","author":"Z Memish","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref014","first-page":"1","author":"CDC. Brucellosis Reference Guide","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Center for Food Security and Public Health."},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.014","article-title":"Update on laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis.","volume":"36","author":"GF Araj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.04.002","article-title":"Development and evaluation of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays on whole blood and paraffin-embedded tissues for rapid diagnosis of human brucellosis","volume":"59","author":"MM Kattar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2021.106182","article-title":"Comparative study of IS711 and bcsp31-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in whole blood and serum samples.","volume":"183","author":"GN Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)92522-5","article-title":"Diagnosis of Brucellosis","volume":"296","author":"TH Boon","year":"1970","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy.","author":"JJ Deeks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy."},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref021","unstructured":"Mendeley. Reference Manager\u2014Mendeley | Elsevier Solutions. 2023 [cited 24 Jul 2023]. Available: https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/solutions\/mendeley"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews.","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev."},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"PF Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref024","author":"H Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref025","first-page":"442","article-title":"A comparison of the tube agglutination and card tests for the diagnosis of Brucella melitensis infection in humans","author":"P Nicoletti","year":"1971","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Public Health\/Revue Canadienne de Sante\u2019e Publique"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.8.1384-1387.1987","article-title":"Analysis of 506 consecutive positive serologic tests for brucellosis in Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"FW Kiel","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02097200","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of brucellosis","volume":"6","author":"V. Saz J","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800067145","article-title":"Assessment of Brucellosis Card test in screening patients for brucellosis","volume":"100","author":"GF Araj","year":"1988","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-0786(90)90043-N","article-title":"Indirect fluorescent antibody test versus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and agglutination tests in the serodiagnosis of patients with brucellosis.","volume":"4","author":"GF Araj","year":"1990","journal-title":"Serodiagnosis and Immunotherapy in Infectious Disease"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.11.2927-2930.1997","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of human brucellosis by peripheral-blood PCR assay","volume":"35","author":"MI Queipo-ortu\u00f1o","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2001.11782330","article-title":"Diagnostic value of Brucella ELISA IgG and IgM in bacteremic and non-bacteremic patients with brucellosis","volume":"13","author":"AO Osoba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Chemotherapy"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(02)00426-1","article-title":"Comparison of the Brucella Standard Agglutination Test with the ELISA IgG and IgM in patients with Brucella bacteremia","volume":"44","author":"ZA Memish","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(03)00081-6","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of Brucella agglutination tests","volume":"46","author":"A Mert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-1082-4","article-title":"Application of a polymerase chain reaction enzyme immunoassay in peripheral whole blood and serum specimens for diagnosis of acute human brucellosis","volume":"23","author":"G Vrioni","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45772-0","article-title":"Large-scale evaluation of a single-tube nested PCR for the laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis in Kuwait","volume":"54","author":"A Al-Nakkas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-0064-0","article-title":"Real-time PCR for detection of Brucella spp. DNA in human serum samples","volume":"24","author":"C Debeaumont","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref037","first-page":"159","article-title":"Comparison of the diagnostic value of the standard tube agglutination test and the ELISA IgG and IgM in patients with brucellosis.","volume":"36","author":"M Ertek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref038","first-page":"975","article-title":"Rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in surveillance and clinical settings in Egypt.","volume":"27","author":"MA Fadeel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.08.017","article-title":"Rapid latex agglutination test for the serodiagnosis of human brucellosis","volume":"57","author":"TH Abdoel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.05.002","article-title":"The evaluation of a user-friendly lateral flow assay for the serodiagnosis of human brucellosis in Kazakhstan","volume":"65","author":"S Mizanbayeva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0790","article-title":"ELISA versus conventional methods of diagnosing endemic brucellosis","volume":"83","author":"B Mantur","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2011-004","article-title":"Comparison of different PCR methods for detection of Brucella spp. in human blood samples","volume":"60","author":"HH Al-Ajlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000950","article-title":"The rose Bengal test in human brucellosis: A neglected test for the diagnosis of a neglected disease.","volume":"5","author":"R D\u00edaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref044","first-page":"14","article-title":"Evaluation of ELISA and Brucellacapt tests for diagnosis of human Brucellosis","volume":"5","author":"H Peeridogaheh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2066-2","article-title":"Validation of a simple universal IELISA for the diagnosis of human brucellosis","volume":"33","author":"SM Ayala","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref046","article-title":"Utility of serological tests in the era of molecular testing for diagnosis of human brucellosis in endemic area with limited resources","volume":"10","author":"S Purwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170376","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical features of brucellosis in the country of Georgia.","volume":"12","author":"T Akhvlediani","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.11.008","article-title":"Comparison of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction with serological tests and culture for diagnosing human brucellosis.","volume":"12","author":"T Dal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14260","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of in-house loop-mediated isothermal amplification and real-time PCR targeting virB gene for direct detection of Brucella melitensis from clinical specimens","volume":"127","author":"S Patra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref050","first-page":"1","article-title":"ELISA is superior to bacterial culture and agglutination test in the diagnosis of brucellosis in an endemic area in China.","volume":"20","author":"N Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-11133","article-title":"A real-time quantitative PCR based on molecular beacon for detecting Brucella infection.","volume":"72","author":"C Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.15669","article-title":"Epidemiological study of human brucellosis among febrile patients in Erbil-Kurdistan region, Iraq.","volume":"16","author":"DA Almashhadany","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-3-5","article-title":"Diagnosis of recent and relapsed cases of human brucellosis by PCR assay.","volume":"3","author":"LF Nimri","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-2-169","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for brucella antigen detection in human sera","volume":"47","author":"HA Al-Shamahy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2000.224","article-title":"Evaluation of PCR, culture and serology for the diagnosis of acute human brucellosis.","volume":"20","author":"RA Al-Attas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med."},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref056","first-page":"612","article-title":"Comparison of a dipstick assay for detection of Brucella-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies with other tests for serodiagnosis of human brucellosis","volume":"10","author":"E Clavijo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref057","first-page":"116","article-title":"Utilidad de la determinaci\u00f3n de anticuerpos IgG e IgM por ELISA e inmunocaptura en una serie cl\u00ednica de brucelosis humana.","volume":"25","author":"J. C Aran\u00eds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Revista Chilena de Infectologia"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00424-07","article-title":"Evaluation of seven tests for diagnosis of human brucellosis in an area where the disease is endemic","volume":"15","author":"M Concepci\u00f3n G\u00f3mez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3923\/jms.2008.595.598","article-title":"Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay versus polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of brucellosis","volume":"8","author":"M Hasibi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.033381-0","article-title":"Comparison of four commercial IgM and IgG ELISA kits for diagnosing brucellosis","volume":"60","author":"MA Fadeel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1538","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis in Egypt and persistence of the pathogen following treatment.","volume":"5","author":"A Marei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref062","first-page":"687","article-title":"Determination of the accuracy and optimal cut-off point for ELISA test in diagnosis of human brucellosis in Iran.","volume":"51","author":"M Hasibi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8844-6_10","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of acute and chronic brucellosis in humans","author":"M Dadar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbial technology for the welfare of society"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2909.230052","article-title":"Global Estimate of Human Brucellosis Incidence","volume":"29","author":"CG Laine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref065","first-page":"46","article-title":"Human brucellosis: An overview","volume":"6","author":"MR Hasanjani Roushan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Caspian J Intern Med"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0319-2016","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of human brucellosis in the State of Paran\u00e1, Brazil.","volume":"50","author":"FF Tuon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref067","first-page":"170","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for rapid diagnosis and its role in prevention of human brucellosis in Punjab, India.","volume":"2","author":"MY Gemechu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1309\/LM4J9MWOBIPA6RBN","article-title":"Comparison of Methods for Diagnosing Brucellosis.","volume":"44","author":"M Hajia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Med."},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-2-4","article-title":"Reporting of measures of accuracy in systematic reviews of diagnostic literature.","volume":"2","author":"H Honest","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.165","article-title":"HIV testing strategies: test performance is important, but not sufficient.","volume":"9","author":"GF Cota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.51585\/gjvr.2022.1.0033","article-title":"Immune response and recent advances in diagnosis and control of brucellosis","volume":"2","author":"A Elrashedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"German Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00001","article-title":"Antigen-specific acquired immunity in human brucellosis: implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine development.","volume":"2","author":"AP Cannella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"pntd.0012030.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012799","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012799","article-title":"STARD 2015 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"JF Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012030","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T13:34:43Z","timestamp":1710855283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012030"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Pappas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012030","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]}}}