{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:11:31Z","timestamp":1790086291844,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Progress in snakebite envenoming (SBE) therapeutics has suffered from a critical lack of data on the research and development (R&D) landscape. A database characterising this information would be a powerful tool for coordinating and accelerating SBE R&D. To address this need, we aimed to identify and categorise all active investigational candidates in development for SBE and all available or marketed products.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n In this landscape study, publicly available data and literature were reviewed to canvas the state of the SBE therapeutics market and research pipeline by identifying, characterising, and validating all investigational drug and biologic candidates with direct action on snake venom toxins, and all products available or marketed from 2015 to 2022. We identified 127 marketed products and 196 candidates in the pipeline, describing a very homogenous market of similar but geographically bespoke products and a diverse but immature pipeline, as most investigational candidates are at an early stage of development, with only eight candidates in clinical development.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n Further investment and research is needed to address the shortfalls in products already on the market and to accelerate R&D for new therapeutics. This should be accompanied by efforts to converge on shared priorities and reshape the current SBE R&D ecosystem to ensure translation of innovation and access.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T13:22:27Z","timestamp":1711459347000},"page":"e0012052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Landscape of toxin-neutralizing therapeutics for snakebite envenoming (2015\u20132022): Setting the stage for an R&D agenda"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9783-3118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juliette","family":"Borri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilie","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrazaq G.","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Tuttle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012052.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17063","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.63","article-title":"Snakebite envenoming.","volume":"3","author":"JM Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"key":"pntd.0012052.ref002","first-page":"471","volume-title":"Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles","author":"CRC Press","year":"2021","edition":"2"},{"key":"pntd.0012052.ref003","volume-title":"Snakebite Envenoming: A Strategy for Prevention and Control.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"pntd.0012052.ref004","volume-title":"Target product profiles for animal plasma-derived antivenoms: antivenoms for treatment of snakebite envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"pntd.0012052.ref005","volume-title":"Risk Assessment\u2014Snake antivenom: Prequalification of Medical Products\u2014IVDs, Medicines, Vaccines and Imunization Devices, Vector Control.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012052.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e296","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00479-X","article-title":"A global core outcome measurement set for snakebite clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"M Abouyannis","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"pntd.0012052.ref007","volume-title":"Global Funding for Snakebite Envenoming Research 2007\u20132018","author":"Policy Cures Research","year":"2019"},{"key":"pntd.0012052.ref008","volume-title":"G-FINDER data portal: tracking funding for global health R&D","author":"Policy Cures Research","year":"2022"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012052.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003896","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003896","article-title":"Antivenoms for Snakebite Envenoming: What Is in the Research Pipeline?","volume":"9","author":"E Alirol","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012052.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007551","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007551","article-title":"Reviewing evidence of the clinical effectiveness of commercially available antivenoms in sub-Saharan Africa identifies the need for a multi-centre, multi-antivenom clinical trial.","volume":"13","author":"J Potet","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012052.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009589","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009589","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and outcome measurement tools reported in randomised controlled trials of treatment for snakebite envenoming: A systematic review.","volume":"15","author":"M Abouyannis","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"19","key":"pntd.0012052.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13938","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00266","article-title":"Advances in the Therapeutic Application of Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Repurposed Drugs against Snakebite","volume":"64","author":"U Puzari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"pntd.0012052.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2021.12.019","article-title":"Fernandes-Pedrosa MdF. 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