{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T16:55:24Z","timestamp":1784912124620,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012062","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000}}],"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Action Towards Reducing Aquatic snail-borne Parasitic diseases (ATRAP) project"},{"name":"Research Foundation\u2013Flanders","award":["FWO\u2013Vlaanderen 11L3223N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO\u2013Vlaanderen 11L3223N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Schistosomiasis and fasciolosis are snail-borne diseases of great medical and veterinary health importance. The World Health Organization recommends complementing drug treatment with snail control and community involvement for disease elimination, but there is a general lack of snail experts and hence snail distribution data. Therefore, we adopted a citizen science approach and involved citizens in the monitoring of medically and veterinary important snail taxa.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Snail data was collected weekly by 25 trained citizen scientists (CSs) at 76 sites around southern Lake Albert (Uganda) for 20 months. At each site, snails were searched for 30 minutes, sorted, target snail hosts identified to genus level, counted and data submitted through a smartphone application. The quality of this data was assessed by comparing it to monthly data collected by an \u2018expert\u2019 malacologist using the same sampling protocol. Generalised binomial logistic and linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse the variables for agreement between the CSs and expert.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The binary agreement in presence\/absence of <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bulinus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Radix<\/jats:italic> snails reported by the expert and CSs ranged between 70% and 86% (900 reports) with an average of 17% false negatives (sites wrongly defined as snail-free). The agreement for <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Radix<\/jats:italic> increased with snail abundance, and false negatives decreased when the number of snails collected by citizens was aggregated per month. Site type significantly predicted binary agreement, which was lowest at lake sites (55%) and highest at spring sites (99%) with variations across genera. Similar temporal trends in snail abundance were recorded despite the expert reporting higher abundance. However, the relative abundance was consistent across site types. The match between the sites with highest <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic> spp. abundance identified by CSs and expert was consistently high (~84.1%) and increased over time.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions and recommendations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our results demonstrate the potential of citizen science to map putative schistosomiasis transmission sites. We therefore argue that this inclusive, powerful and cost-effective approach can be more sustainable than top-down monitoring and intervention campaigns.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T17:57:02Z","timestamp":1712253422000},"page":"e0012062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Citizens can help to map putative transmission sites for snail-borne diseases"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4822-1078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julius","family":"Tumusiime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelia","family":"Valderrama Bhraunxs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Kagoro-Rugunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy","family":"Namirembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Twongyirwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casim Umba","family":"Tolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesbet","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"Huyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160732","article-title":"Understanding key vectors and vector-borne diseases associated with freshwater ecosystem across Africa: Implications for public health","volume":"862","author":"OJ Okoro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref002","article-title":"Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)","author":"WHO","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schistosomiasis"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref003","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Digenetic Trematodes Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","author":"Springer","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012062.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002030","article-title":"Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum daubneyi: changes in prevalences of natural infections in cattle and in Lymnaea truncatula from central France over the past 12 years","volume":"33","author":"C Mage","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012062.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007703","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria: past history and future trends","volume":"123","author":"JAT Morgan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"SUPPL","key":"pntd.0012062.ref006","article-title":"Interactions between intermediate snail hosts of the genus Bulinus and schistosomes of the Schistosoma haematobium group","volume":"123","author":"D Rollinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis.","volume":"368","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10159","key":"pntd.0012062.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.","volume":"392","author":"HH Kyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref009","first-page":"253e262","article-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis A review on epidemiology, global prevalence and economical losses of fasciolosis in ruminants","volume":"109","author":"K Mehmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog J."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012062.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2015\/15274","article-title":"Prevalence and Economic Impact of Bovine Fasciolosis at Kampala City Abattoir","volume":"7","author":"N Joan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Central Uganda. Br Microbiol Res J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00090-6","article-title":"Effect of preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel on schistosomiasis among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: a spatiotemporal modelling study","volume":"22","author":"C Kokaliaris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref012","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schistosomiasis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012062.ref013","first-page":"2","article-title":"Historical Perspective: Snail Control to Prevent Schistosomiasis.","volume":"9","author":"CH King","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref014","article-title":"To Reduce the Global Burden of Human Schistosomiasis, Use \u2018 Old Fashioned \u2018 Snail Control.","author":"SH Sokolow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref015","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effectiveness of the new integrated strategy to control the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"C Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012062.ref016","first-page":"E584","article-title":"Impact and cost-effectiveness of snail control to achieve disease control targets for schistosomiasis","volume":"115","author":"NC Lo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012062.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004794","article-title":"Global Assessment of Schistosomiasis Control Over the Past Century Shows Targeting the Snail Intermediate Host Works Best","volume":"10","author":"SH Sokolow","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref018","article-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geneva"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Snail-Related Contributions from the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation Program Including Xenomonitoring, Focal Mollusciciding, Biological Control, and Modeling","author":"F Allan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012062.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.013","article-title":"Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination","volume":"128","author":"D Rollinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012062.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.10.004","article-title":"Oudheusden M Van, Huyse T. Parasitology Forum Wicked Solution for Wicked Problems: Citizen Science for Vector-Borne Disease Control in Africa","volume":"37","author":"MG Ashepet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"26","key":"pntd.0012062.ref022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Citizen science in environmental and ecological sciences","volume":"2","author":"D Fraisl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Methods Prim"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref023","first-page":"1","article-title":"What Is Citizen Science? The Challenges of Definition","author":"K Vohland","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Science of Citizen Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012062.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13279","article-title":"Developing the global potential of citizen science: Assessing opportunities that benefit people, society and the environment in East Africa","volume":"56","author":"MJO Pocock","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Citizen science provides a reliable and scalable tool to track disease-carrying mosquitoes","volume":"8","author":"JRB Palmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2018.05.005","article-title":"Contributions of citizen scientists to arthropod vector data in.","volume":"28","author":"SA Hamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3317-y","article-title":"First detection of Aedes japonicus in Spain: An unexpected finding triggered by citizen science","volume":"12","author":"R Eritja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03989-4","article-title":"Citizen science for monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria vectors in relation to environmental risk factors in Ruhuha, Rwanda.","volume":"20","author":"MM Murindahabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref029","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using citizen science to describe the prevalence and distribution of tick bite and exposure to tick-borne diseases in the United States","volume":"17","author":"NC Nieto","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012062.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1890\/11-1614.1","article-title":"Expert variability provides perspective on the strengths and weaknesses of citizen-driven intertidal monitoring program","volume":"22","author":"ET Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012062.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.1436","article-title":"Assessing data quality in citizen science","volume":"14","author":"M Kosmala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Ecol Environ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012062.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2011.01740.x","article-title":"The Value, Limitations, and Challenges of Employing Local Experts in Conservation Research","volume":"25","author":"M Elbroch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012062.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0390-3","article-title":"Citizen science and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.","volume":"2","author":"S Fritz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Sustain"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012062.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12706","article-title":"Emerging problems of data quality in citizen science","volume":"30","author":"R Lukyanenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref035","first-page":"444","article-title":"The impact of data quality filtering of opportunistic citizen science data on species distribution model performance","author":"C Van Eupen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol Modell"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref036","volume-title":"In: The rightful place of science: Citizen Science.","author":"EB Kennedy","year":"2016"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref037","first-page":"1","article-title":"Innovation in open science, society and policy\u2013setting the agenda for citizen science.","author":"S Hecker","year":"2018","journal-title":"In: Citizen Science."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref038","first-page":"1","article-title":"The potential of citizen-driven monitoring of freshwater snails in schistosomiasis research.","volume":"6","author":"J Brees","year":"2021","journal-title":"Citiz Sci Theory Pract"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref039","author":"KoBoToolBox","year":"2014","journal-title":"KoBoToolbox | Data Collection Tools for Challenging Environments"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295184","volume-title":"Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.","author":"DS Brown","year":"1994","edition":"2"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref041","first-page":"135","article-title":"Key to the identification of east and central African freshwater snails of medical and veterinary importance","volume":"27","author":"G. Mandahl-Barth","year":"1962","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3745-8","article-title":"Freshwater snails of biomedical importance in the Niger River Valley: Evidence of temporal and spatial patterns in abundance, distribution and infection with Schistosoma spp.","volume":"12","author":"M Rabone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors."},{"issue":"307","key":"pntd.0012062.ref043","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sensitivity Specificity, and Predictive Values: Foundations, Pliabilities, and Pitfalls in Research and Practice.","volume":"5","author":"R. Trevethan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref044","volume-title":"Fixed- and Mixed-Effects Regression Models in R","author":"M. Schweinberger","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref045","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using mixed effects logistic regression models for complex survey data on malaria rapid diagnostic test results.","volume":"17","author":"CLJ Ugwu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x","article-title":"A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems.","volume":"1","author":"AF Zuur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511801686","volume-title":"Analyzing Linguistic Data: A practical introduction to statistics using R.","author":"HR Baayen","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012062.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/33.3.239","article-title":"The Treatment of Ties in Ranking Problems","volume":"33","author":"MG Kendall","year":"1945","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470594001","volume-title":"Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Data","author":"A. Agresti","year":"2010","edition":"2"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref050","author":"K. Krippendorff","year":"2011","journal-title":"ScholarlyCommons Computing Krippendorff \u2018 s Alpha-Reliability Computing Krippendorff \u2018 s Alpha-Reliability"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012062.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.13156\/arac.2017.17.7.331","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variation in House Spider Phenology at a National Scale Using Citizen Science.","volume":"17","author":"AG Hart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arachnology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012062.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2307\/2404477","article-title":"Population Biology of the Freshwater Snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi in the Zimbabwe Highveld","volume":"29","author":"MEJ Woolhouse","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012062.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1999.1158","article-title":"Trait compensation and cospecialization in a freshwater snail: Size, shape and antipredator behaviour","volume":"58","author":"TJ Dewitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012062.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(82)80069-9","article-title":"The behaviour of Bulinus africanus: A circadian profile","volume":"30","author":"E Morgan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012062.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1546.1","article-title":"Unite research with what citizens do for fun: \u2018\u201crecreational monitoring\u201d\u2018 of marine biodiversity.","volume":"20","author":"S Goffredo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"issue":"23","key":"pntd.0012062.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6427","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602251113","article-title":"Hydrology and density feedbacks control the ecology of intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis across habitats in seasonal climates","volume":"113","author":"J Perez-Saez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012062.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2019.05.008","article-title":"Vegetation species richness is associated with daily water-level fluctuations in Lake Ontario coastal wetlands","volume":"45","author":"GP Grabas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Great Lakes Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012062.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1988.11812250","article-title":"Passive dispersal of Bulinus globosus","volume":"82","author":"ME Woolhouse","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015501","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.6.1.015501","article-title":"Impact of prevalence and case distribution in lab-based diagnostic imaging studies.","volume":"6","author":"BD Gallas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Imaging."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012062.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.121286","article-title":"Variation of a test\u2019s sensitivity and specificity with disease prevalence.","volume":"185","author":"MGM Leeflang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012062.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3923\/ijzr.2015.140.150","article-title":"Shell morphology of three medical important tropical freshwater pulmonate snails from five sites in South-Western Nigeria.","volume":"11","author":"MO Falade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Zool Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref062","article-title":"Some aspects of the morphology of Lymnaea natalensis Krauss (Mollusca: Basommatophora).","author":"SJ Pretorius","year":"1963","journal-title":"North-West University (South Africa);"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012062.ref063","first-page":"73","article-title":"An analysis of agreement between volunteer- And researcher-collected urban tree inventory data.","volume":"44","author":"N Bancks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arboric Urban For"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012062.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.2193\/0091-7648(2006)34[1425:TROCSA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Reliability of Citizen Science: A Case Study of Oregon White Oak Stand Surveys.","volume":"34","author":"AWE Galloway","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2017.02.001","article-title":"Data quality in citizen science urban tree inventories","volume":"22","author":"LA Roman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012062.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/ae\/48.3.164","article-title":"Volunteer biological monitoring: Can it accurately assess the ecological condition of streams?","volume":"48","author":"SR Engel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref067","first-page":"150","article-title":"Exposing the Science in Citizen Science: Fitness to Purpose and Intentional Design.","volume":"58","author":"JK Parrish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012062.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2020.09.002","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability of four validated diabetic foot ulcer classification systems.","volume":"29","author":"A Camilleri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Tissue Viability"},{"issue":"16","key":"pntd.0012062.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163592","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability of magnetic resonance imaging in comparison to computed tomography and wrist arthroscopy in slac and snac wrist.","volume":"10","author":"A Terzis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.07.020","article-title":"Interrater and Intrarater Reliability of the Vertebral Bone Quality Score.","volume":"154","author":"AT Schilling","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012062.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662511434894","article-title":"The impacts of an invasive species citizen science training program on participant attitudes, behavior, and science literacy.","volume":"22","author":"AW Crall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Underst Sci."},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.07.019","article-title":"Leveraging the power of place in citizen science for effective conservation decision making","volume":"208","author":"G Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012062.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/f10040349","article-title":"Can field crews telecommute? Varied data quality from citizen science tree inventories conducted using street-level imagery","volume":"10","author":"A Berland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref074","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drivers of participation in digital citizen science: Case studies on J\u00e4rviwiki and safecast","volume":"5","author":"V Palacin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Citiz Sci Theory Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012062.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005812","article-title":"Why reinvent the wheel? Lessons in schistosomiasis control from the past.","volume":"11","author":"C. Shiff","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012062.ref076","first-page":"1","article-title":"The prevalence of schistosomiasis in Uganda: A nationally representative population estimate to inform control programs and water and sanitation interventions.","volume":"13","author":"NG Exum","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref077","article-title":"\u2019Goran EK, Caffrey CR, Keiser J. From innovation to application: Social-ecological context, diagnostics, drugs and integrated control of schistosomiasis","volume":"120","author":"N Utzinger J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"February","key":"pntd.0012062.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2022.e00183","article-title":"Environmental DNA in human and veterinary parasitology\u2014Current applications and future prospects for monitoring and control","volume":"29","author":"ME Sengupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012062.ref079","first-page":"1","article-title":"Citizens in the Lab: Performance and Validation of eDNA Results.","volume":"6","author":"AP T\u00f8ttrup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Citiz Sci Theory Pract."},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.11.029","article-title":"Using eDNA to develop a national citizen science-based monitoring programme for the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus).","volume":"183","author":"J Biggs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012062.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-42.x","article-title":"Field tests of a village-based mollusciciding programme for the control of snail hosts of human schistosomes in Cameroon.","volume":"1","author":"GJ Greer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"issue":"7971","key":"pntd.0012062.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06313-z","article-title":"A planetary health innovation for disease, food and water challenges in Africa","volume":"619","author":"JR Rohr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0012062.ref083","unstructured":"Anyolitho MK, Huyse T, Masquillier C, Nyakato VN, Poels K. Combining citizen science and other participatory approaches to implement behaviour change interventions: (How) Does this work for schistosomiasis prevention among endemic communities in western Uganda. Prep."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012062.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010190","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding schistosomiasis infection and prevention: A mixed-methods study among endemic communities of western Uganda.","volume":"16","author":"MK Anyolitho","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012062.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007938","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007938","article-title":"Comparative analysis of time-based and quadrat sampling in seasonal population dynamics of intermediate hosts of human schistosomes.","volume":"13","author":"J Perez-Saez","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"March","key":"pntd.0012062.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2017.03.003","article-title":"Task Workflow Design and its impact on performance and volunteers\u2019 subjective preference in Virtual Citizen Science.","volume":"104","author":"J Sprinks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012062","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T18:33:08Z","timestamp":1713292388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012062"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Guilherme L.","family":"Werneck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012062","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012062","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]}}}