{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:23:48Z","timestamp":1787243028459,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012103","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000}}],"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The severe late stage Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                      (T.b.r) is characterized by damage to the blood brain barrier, severe brain inflammation, oxidative stress and organ damage. Melarsoprol (MelB) is currently the only treatment available for this disease. MelB use is limited by its lethal neurotoxicity due to post-treatment reactive encephalopathy. This study sought to assess the potential of\n                      <jats:italic>Ginkgo biloba<\/jats:italic>\n                      (GB), a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, to protect the integrity of the blood brain barrier and ameliorate detrimental inflammatory and oxidative events due to T.b.r in mice treated with MelB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Group one constituted the control; group two was infected with T.b.r; group three was infected with T.b.r and treated with 2.2 mg\/kg melarsoprol for 10 days; group four was infected with T.b.r and administered with GB 80 mg\/kg for 30 days; group five was given GB 80mg\/kg for two weeks before infection with T.b.r, and continued thereafter and group six was infected with T.b.r, administered with GB and treated with MelB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Co-administration of MelB and GB improved the survival rate of infected mice. When administered separately, MelB and GB protected the integrity of the blood brain barrier and improved neurological function in infected mice. Furthermore, the administration of MelB and GB prevented T.b.r-induced microcytic hypochromic anaemia and thrombocytopenia, as well as T.b.r-driven downregulation of total WBCs. Glutathione analysis showed that co-administration of MelB and GB prevented T.b.r-induced oxidative stress in the brain, spleen, heart and lungs. Notably, GB averted peroxidation and oxidant damage by ameliorating T.b.r and MelB-driven elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, kidney and liver. In fact, the co-administered group for the liver, registered the lowest MDA levels for infected mice. T.b.r-driven elevation of serum TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, uric acid and urea was abrogated by MelB and GB. Co-administration of MelB and GB was most effective in stabilizing TNF\u03b1 levels. GB attenuated T.b.r and MelB-driven up-regulation of nitrite.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Utilization of GB as an adjuvant therapy may ameliorate detrimental effects caused by T.b.r infection and MelB toxicity during late stage HAT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T13:26:03Z","timestamp":1713187563000},"page":"e0012103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ginkgo biloba attenuated detrimental inflammatory and oxidative events due to Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in mice treated with melarsoprol"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Janet Khatenje","family":"Wendo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Mucunu","family":"Mbaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Nyabuga","family":"Nyariki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3338-2239","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alfred Orina","family":"Isaac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-9-57","article-title":"The Atlas of human African trypanosomiasis: a contribution to global mapping of neglected tropical diseases.","volume":"9","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012103.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005454","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005454","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis control: Achievements and challenges.","volume":"11","author":"S Aksoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10110","key":"pntd.0012103.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31510-6","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"390","author":"P B\u00fcscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78665-0_83","volume-title":"The Burden of Human African Trypanosomiasis.","author":"A Shaw","year":"2010"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref005","unstructured":"WHO. Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness) Fact sheet. 2017. http:\/\/www.who.int\/meidacentre\/factsheets\/fsn259\/en\/accessed on 6\/4\/2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012103.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2014.01.001","article-title":"Kenyan purple tea anthocyanins and coenzyme-Q10 ameliorate post treatment reactive encephalopathy associated with cerebral human African trypanosomiasis in murine model","volume":"63","author":"K Rashid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012103.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421052","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis of the CNS: current issues and challenges","volume":"113","author":"PG Kennedy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2017.06.015","article-title":"Delineating neuroinflammation, parasite CNS invasion, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in an experimental murine model of human African trypanosomiasis.","volume":"127","author":"J Rodgers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pntd.0012103.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.06.017","article-title":"Meningoencephalitic African trypanosomiasis: Brain IL-10 and IL-6 are associated with protection from neuro-inflammatory pathology","volume":"167","author":"JM Sternberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012103.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1086\/520815","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1 (TNFp55) signal transduction and macrophage-derived soluble TNF are crucial for nitric oxide-mediated Trypanosoma congolense parasite killing.","volume":"196","author":"S Magez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60410-8","article-title":"The treatment of human African trypanosomiasis.","volume":"33","author":"J P\u00e9pin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012103.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s002800050998","article-title":"Clinical study of an organic arsenical, melarsoprol, in patients with advanced leukemia","volume":"44","author":"SL Soignet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012103.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.09.002","article-title":"Chemotherapy of human African trypanosomiasis: current and future prospects","volume":"19","author":"AH Fairlamb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012103.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-022-01553-8","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 prevented Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-mediated breach of the blood brain barrier, inflammation and organ damage in late stage of Human African Trypanosomiasis.","volume":"47","author":"L Kitwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012103.ref015","first-page":"230","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 prevented full blown splenomegaly and decreased melarsoprol-induced reactive encephalopathy in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense","volume":"2","author":"JN Nyariki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Coastal Life Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012103.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2174\/156720507781077304","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: is there any evidence?","volume":"4","author":"C Ramassamy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"pntd.0012103.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12197","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182425199","article-title":"Inhibition of amyloid-beta aggregation and caspase-3 activation by the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761","volume":"99","author":"Y Luo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012103.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.814","article-title":"The antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in rats.","volume":"15","author":"R Bridi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012103.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2006.00378.x","article-title":"Comparison of antioxidant activities between salvianolic acid B and Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761).","volume":"27","author":"CS Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012103.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2008.00837.x","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba extract prevents against apoptosis induced by high glucose in human lens epithelial cells","volume":"29","author":"ZM Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012103.ref021","first-page":"678","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of ginkgolide B on platelet aggregation in a cAMP- and cGMP-dependent manner by activated MMP-9","volume":"40","author":"HJ Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012103.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/J157v04n04_02","article-title":"The ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) inhibits arachidonic acid-mediated platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 production in healthy volunteers.","volume":"4","author":"GB Kudolo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Herb Pharmacother"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012103.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2013.879303","article-title":"Phytochemical and medicinal importance of Ginkgo biloba L.","volume":"28","author":"TK Mohanta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012103.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.72351","article-title":"Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research.","volume":"1","author":"C Kilkenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012103.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.7.6.523","article-title":"A review of 12 commonly used medicinal herbs.","volume":"7","author":"M O\u2019Hara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Fam Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012103.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(76)90110-7","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei: a rapid \"matching\" method for estimating the host\u2019s parasitemia.","volume":"40","author":"WJ Herbert","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012103.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(80)90139-6","article-title":"Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinylpyridine","volume":"106","author":"OW Griffith","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)86135-I","article-title":"Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation","volume":"186","author":"HH Draper","year":"1990","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref029","article-title":"Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the survival rate in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis model mice","author":"KJ Rhee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Veterinary Service. The Korean Society of Veterinary Service"},{"issue":"1675","key":"pntd.0012103.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140288","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0288","article-title":"The within-host dynamics of African trypanosome infections","volume":"370","author":"KR Matthews","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00218","article-title":"African Trypanosomiasis-Associated Anemia: The Contribution of the Interplay between Parasites and the Mononuclear Phagocyte System.","volume":"9","author":"B Stijlemans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012103.ref032","article-title":"Pathogenicity of bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid forms of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Swiss White Mice.","volume":"15","author":"K Ndung\u2019u","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr J Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012103.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652006000400004","article-title":"Immunology and immunopathology of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"78","author":"P Vincendeau","year":"2006","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389153","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/389153","article-title":"Immunobiology of African trypanosomes: need of alternative interventions","volume":"2010","author":"TN Baral","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012103.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.12.001","article-title":"African trypanosome infections of the nervous system: parasite entry and effects on sleep and synaptic functions","volume":"91","author":"K Kristensson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012103.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2007.09.011","article-title":"Stabilization of mitochondrial function by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761).","volume":"56","author":"R Abdel-Kader","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02906.x","article-title":"Bioflavonoid-rich botanical extracts show antioxidant and gene regulatory activity","volume":"957","author":"K Gohil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012103.ref038","first-page":"1340","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba extract protects early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage via inhibiting thioredoxin interacting protein\/NLRP3 signaling pathway.","volume":"23","author":"C Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012103.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280802282934","article-title":"Traversal of human and animal trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"14","author":"DJ Grab","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012103.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27798.","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier traversal by African trypanosomes requires calcium signaling induced by parasite cysteine protease [published correction appears in J Clin Invest.","volume":"116","author":"OV Nikolskaia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012103.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00767-8","article-title":"Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract Against AD and Other Neurological Disorders.","volume":"16","author":"SK Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012103.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2003-5404","article-title":"Elevation of oxidative free radicals in Alzheimer\u2019s disease models can be attenuated by Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761","volume":"5","author":"JV Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012103.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v27i2.3","article-title":"Role of cytokines in Trypanosoma brucei-induced anaemia: A review of the literature.","volume":"27","author":"J Musaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012103.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/0974-8369.1000213","article-title":"Haematological changes in Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected wistar rats treated with a favonoid mixture and\/or diminazene aceturate.","volume":"6","author":"JO Ayo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012103.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.227728","article-title":"A role for hepcidin in the anemia caused by Trypanosoma brucei infection","volume":"106","author":"JV Neves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012103.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2008.00354.x","article-title":"Dual effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on human red blood cells","volume":"104","author":"J He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref047","first-page":"351","volume-title":"Trypanosomiasis. A Veterinary Perspective","author":"S Lorne","year":"1986"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012103.ref048","first-page":"274","article-title":"Experimental bovine trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense). I. Sumptomatology and clinical pathology.","volume":"30","author":"MG Maxie","year":"1979","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2023.102775","article-title":"Vitamin B12 blocked Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-driven disruption of the blood brain barrier, and normalized nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels in a mouse model","volume":"96","author":"JO Oula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063169","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1063169","article-title":"Coinfection with Schistosoma mansoni Enhances Disease Severity in Human African Trypanosomiasis.","volume":"2023","author":"NS Mitalo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7058016","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/7058016","article-title":"Sodium Metabisulfite-Induced Hematotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Organ Damage Ameliorated by Standardized Ginkgo biloba in Mice.","volume":"2023","author":"NW Wairimu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012103.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651992000100002","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: course of infection in platelets-depleted mice.","volume":"34","author":"M Fernandes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012103.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-01-764621","article-title":"Platelets: killers of parasites or patients?.","volume":"129","author":"CN Morrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012103.ref054","first-page":"59","article-title":"Haematology of experimental Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in vervet monkeys","volume":"13","author":"J Kagira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr J Health Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012103.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.226","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia in trypanosomiasis","volume":"24","author":"RM Robins-Browne","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012103.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/09537109975933","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on human platelet aggregation.","volume":"10","author":"AK Dutta-Roy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012103.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.002","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei Parasites Occupy and Functionally Adapt to the Adipose Tissue in Mice.","volume":"19","author":"S Trindade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902038","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/902038","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi infection and host lipid metabolism","volume":"2014","author":"Q Miao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012103.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2007.02.021","article-title":"Reduction of atherosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size by Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in cardiovascular high-risk patients.","volume":"192","author":"M Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref060","first-page":"2","article-title":"Effect of Ginkgo biloba on lipid profile in hypertensive patients on Valsartan monotherapy","volume":"40","author":"Safaa A. Al-Zakaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of the College of MedicineMosul"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012103.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2010.525509","article-title":"Pancreatic lipase inhibition activity of trilactone terpenes of Ginkgo biloba","volume":"26","author":"Y Bustanji","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012103.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2009.126","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effect of Ginkgo biloba extract in hepatocytes: a comparative study with lovastatin.","volume":"30","author":"ZQ Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"issue":"18","key":"pntd.0012103.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2007.000-2322","article-title":"Amelioration of anaemia and organ damage by combined intraperitoneal administration of vitamins A and C to Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats","volume":"6","author":"IA Umar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012103.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081952","article-title":"Role of Glutathionylation in Infection and Inflammation.","volume":"11","author":"P Checconi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012103.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050589","article-title":"In Silico Investigation of the Pharmacological Mechanisms of Beneficial Effects of Ginkgo biloba L. on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease.","volume":"10","author":"H Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012103.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0396-2","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract against trimethyltin-induced hippocampal neuronal injury","volume":"26","author":"S Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012103.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.63.4.429","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei infection elicits nitric oxide-dependent and nitric oxide-independent suppressive mechanisms","volume":"63","author":"A Beschin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012103.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1998.00164.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide production in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) infected with Trypanosoma brucei.","volume":"20","author":"JM Sternberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012103.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-008-0722-6","article-title":"Determination of serum and organ malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, a lipid peroxidation index, in Trypanosoma brucei-infected rats.","volume":"17","author":"JI Eze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comparative Clinical Pathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012103.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2016_1387","article-title":"Antidiabetic cataract effects of GbE, rutin and quercetin are mediated by the inhibition of oxidative stress and polyol pathway","volume":"65","author":"Q Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012103.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.980005","article-title":"Prevention of Selenite-Induced Cataratogenesis by Ginkgo biloba Extract (Egb761) in Wistar Rats.","volume":"40","author":"S Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012103.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2018.1407463","article-title":"Radioprotective efficacy of Ginkgo biloba and Angelica archangelica extract against technetium-99m-sestamibi induced oxidative stress and lens injury in rats","volume":"94","author":"MH Khedr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.10.011","article-title":"Potential role of \u03b1-lipoic acid and Ginkgo biloba against silver nanoparticles-induced neuronal apoptosis and blood-brain barrier impairments in rats","volume":"212","author":"MA Lebda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref074","first-page":"100","article-title":"Pathophysiologic mechanisms of leucocyte-generated free radicals in disease processes. A review.","volume":"6","author":"JO Ayo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zariya Vet"},{"issue":"27","key":"pntd.0012103.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6337","DOI":"10.1021\/jf501913b","article-title":"Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract, EGb761, on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury via a JNK- and Akt-dependent NF\u03baB pathway","volume":"62","author":"CY Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012103.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2008.02.003","article-title":"Different types of tea products attenuate inflammation induced in Trypanosoma brucei infected mice","volume":"57","author":"SM Karori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012103.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1429","article-title":"IFN-gamma-dependent nitric oxide production is not linked to resistance in experimental African trypanosomiasis","volume":"192","author":"CJ Hertz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012103.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1086\/320731","article-title":"Relative contribution of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 to resistance to murine African trypanosomosis","volume":"183","author":"B Namangala","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-016-0113-5","article-title":"The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis and staging of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness","volume":"12","author":"CD Kato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.04.009","article-title":"Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 in LPS-activated primary microglial cells.","volume":"44","author":"B Gargouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012103.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1109-3405","article-title":"Effects of Ginkgo biloba on Diseases Related to Oxidative Stress","volume":"86","author":"G Achete de Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012103.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112540","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba Extract Protects against Methotrexate-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Computational and Pharmacological Approach.","volume":"25","author":"LT Al Kury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"pntd.0012103.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.01.013","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on lantadenes-induced hepatotoxicity in guinea pigs","volume":"81","author":"HA Parimoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012103.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8732","article-title":"Haematological and biochemical changes in human and animal trypanosomiasis. Part I.","volume":"41","author":"VO Anosa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012103.ref085","first-page":"1433","article-title":"A Protective role of Ginkgo biloba on monosodium glutamate: induced liver and kidney toxicity in rats","volume":"6","author":"AM Elatrash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012103.ref086","first-page":"86","article-title":"Biochemical response of red sokoto bucks experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei treatment and relapse Saudi J","volume":"2","author":"GP Karaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012103.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01322-5","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of oral administration of Vitamin E on the early stage of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection.","volume":"45","author":"RJ Ojo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"issue":"31","key":"pntd.0012103.ref088","first-page":"1529","article-title":"De l\u2019organisme aux membranes cellulaires: les diff\u00e9rents niveaux d\u2019actions pharmacologiques de l\u2019extrait de Ginkgo biloba [From the body to the cell membrane: the different levels of pharmacological action of Ginkgo biloba extract].","volume":"15","author":"F. Clostre","year":"1986","journal-title":"Presse Med."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012103","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T13:53:53Z","timestamp":1714053233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012103"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ramayana","family":"Morais de Medeiros Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]}}}