{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:07:26Z","timestamp":1792476446526,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012111","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000}}],"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease that usually occurs in rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa. It caused devastating epidemics during the 20th century. Sustained, coordinated efforts by different stakeholders working with national sleeping sickness control programmes (NSSCPs) succeeded in controlling the disease and reducing the number of cases to historically low levels. In 2012, WHO targeted the elimination of the disease as a public health problem by 2020. This goal has been reached and a new ambitious target was stated in the WHO road map for NTDs 2021\u20132030 and endorsed by the 73rd World Health Assembly: the elimination of gambiense HAT transmission (i.e. reducing the number of reported cases to zero). The interruption of transmission was not considered as an achievable goal for rhodesiense HAT, as it would require vast veterinary interventions rather than actions at the public health level.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data reported to WHO by NSSCPs were harmonized, verified, georeferenced and included in the atlas of HAT. A total of 802 cases were reported in 2021 and 837 in 2022. This is below the target for elimination as a public health problem at the global level (&lt; 2000 HAT cases\/year); 94% of the cases were caused by infection with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiense<\/jats:italic>. The areas reporting \u2265 1 HAT case\/10 000 inhabitants\/year in 2018\u20132022 cover a surface of 73 134 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, with only 3013 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> at very high or high risk. This represents a reduction of 90% from the baseline figure for 2000\u20132004, the target set for the elimination of HAT as a public health problem. For the surveillance of the disease, 4.5 million people were screened for gambiense HAT with serological tests in 2021\u20132022, 3.6 million through active screening and 0.9 million by passive screening.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>In 2021 and 2022 the elimination of HAT as a public health problem was validated in Benin, Uganda, Equatorial Guinea and Ghana for gambiense HAT and in Rwanda for rhodesiense HAT. To reach the next goal of elimination of transmission of gambiense HAT, countries have to report zero cases of human infection with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiense<\/jats:italic> for a period of at least 5 consecutive years. The criteria and procedures to verify elimination of transmission have been recently published by WHO.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HAT elimination as a public health problem has been reached at global level, with seven countries already validated as having reached this goal. This achievement was made possible by the work of NSSCPs, supported by different public and private partners, and coordinated by WHO. The new challenging goal now is to reach zero cases by 2030. To reach this goal is crucial to maintain the engagement and support of donors and stakeholders and to keep the involvement and coordination of all partners.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Along with the focus on elimination of transmission of gambiense HAT, it is important not to neglect rhodesiense HAT, which is targeted for elimination as a public health problem in the WHO road map for NTDs 2021\u20132030.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T18:27:18Z","timestamp":1713292038000},"page":"e0012111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Monitoring progress towards the 2021\u20132030 WHO road map targets"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7498-6333","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose R.","family":"Franco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Priotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Paone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-7298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Cecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustin Kadima","family":"Ebeja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pere P.","family":"Simarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieudonne","family":"Sankara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samia B. A.","family":"Metwally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Dagne","family":"Argaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref001","volume-title":"The trypanosomes of mammals","author":"CA Hoare","year":"1972"},{"issue":"10110","key":"pntd.0012111.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31510-6","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"390","author":"P B\u00fcscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pntd.0012111.ref003.1","unstructured":"WHO. Epidemiology and control of African trypanosomiasis: report of a WHO expert committee (meeting held in Geneva 16-23 October 1985). (WHO technical report series"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pntd.0012111.ref003.2","unstructured":"no. 739). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1986."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012111.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-9-57","article-title":"The Atlas of human African trypanosomiasis: a contribution to global mapping of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"1","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref005","first-page":"257","article-title":"Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"6","author":"JR Franco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref006","volume-title":"Accelerating work to overcome neglected tropical diseases: a roadmap for implementation","author":"WHO","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012111.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70296-X","article-title":"Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)","volume":"12","author":"PG Kennedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2011.00576.x","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in non-endemic countries (2000\u20132010)","volume":"19","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012111.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010885","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010885","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis cases diagnosed in non-endemic countries (2011\u20132020)","volume":"16","author":"JR Franco","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012111.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008261","article-title":"Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis at continental and country level: Update to 2018","volume":"14","author":"JR Franco","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref011","unstructured":"WHO. The Global Health observatory. Human African trypanosomiasis. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/human-african-trypanosomiasis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012111.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008","article-title":"Do cryptic reservoirs threaten Gambiense-sleeping sickness elimination?","volume":"34","author":"P B\u00fcscher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref013","volume-title":"Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis: report of a WHO expert committee (WHO technical report series; no. 984)","author":"WHO","year":"2013"},{"issue":"9282","key":"pntd.0012111.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05778-6","article-title":"The origins of a new Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness outbreak in eastern Uganda","volume":"358","author":"EM F\u00e8vre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012111.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001691","article-title":"Untreated human infections by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense are not 100% fatal","volume":"6","author":"V Jamonneau","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012111.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2772","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002772","article-title":"Sleeping sickness epidemics and colonial responses in East and Central Africa, 1900\u20131940","volume":"8","author":"DR Headrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.112","article-title":"History of sleeping sickness in East Africa","volume":"12","author":"G. Hide","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012111.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050055","article-title":"Eliminating human African trypanosomiasis: where do we stand and what comes next?","volume":"5","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001007","article-title":"The human African trypanosomiasis control and surveillance programme of the World Health Organization 2000\u20132009: the way forward","volume":"5","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010047","article-title":"The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Achievements in relation to WHO road map targets for 2020","volume":"16","author":"JR Franco","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref021","unstructured":"WHO. Neglected tropical diseases. Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly. Resolution WHA66.12. 27 May 2013. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHA66.12"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012111.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003785","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003785","article-title":"Monitoring the progress towards the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012111.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005585","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005585","article-title":"Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: update to 2014","volume":"11","author":"JR Franco","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012111.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006890","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006890","article-title":"Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: update to 2016","volume":"12","author":"JR Franco","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref025","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a framework for monitoring and evaluating progress of the road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u22122030","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref026","unstructured":"WHO. Road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030. Seventy-third World Health Assembly. Resolution WHA73\/33. 13 November 2020. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/ebwha\/pdf_files\/WHA73\/A73(33)-en.pdf"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref027","volume-title":"A compendium of indicators for monitoring and evaluating progress of the road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030.","author":"WHO","year":"2022"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref028","volume-title":"Generic framework for control, elimination and eradication of neglected tropical diseases","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012111.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1859","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001859","article-title":"Estimating and mapping the population at risk of sleeping sickness","volume":"6","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012111.ref030","article-title":"Mapping the capacities of fixed health facilities to cover people at risk of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"1113","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012111.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-8-15","article-title":"Towards the Atlas of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"18","author":"G Cecchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012111.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110921","article-title":"Risk for human African trypanosomiasis, Central Africa, 2000\u20132009","volume":"17","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FAO and WHO. Vector control and the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT)\u2014Joint FAO\/WHO Virtual Expert Meeting\u20145\u20136 October 2021. PAAT Meeting Report Series. No. 1. Rome; 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cc0178en","DOI":"10.4060\/cc0178en"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref034","volume-title":"Report of the third WHO stakeholders meeting on gambiense human African trypanosomiasis elimination, Geneva, Switzerland, 18\u201320 April 2018","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref035","unstructured":"WHO. Report of the fourth WHO stakeholders meeting on gambiense and rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis elimination, Virtual meeting, 1\u22123 June 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240045040"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref036","volume-title":"Criteria and procedures for the verification of elimination of transmission of T. b. gambiense to the human population in a given country","author":"WHO","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pntd.0012111.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.07.007","article-title":"The use of aerial spraying to eliminate tsetse from the Okavango Delta of Botswana","volume":"99","author":"PM Kgori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref038","unstructured":"Saini RK, Simarro PP. Tsetse survey in Swaziland\u2013Report to the World Health Organization. 2008. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/ntds\/human-african-trypanosomiasis\/tsetse-fly-in-eswatini.pdf?sfvrsn=37d3a902_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012111.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009163","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009163","article-title":"Accelerating elimination of sleeping sickness from the Guinean littoral through enhanced screening in the post-Ebola context: A retrospective analysis","volume":"15","author":"O Camara","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012111.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011514","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011514","article-title":"Towards the sustainable elimination of human African trypanosomiasis in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire using an integrated approach","volume":"17","author":"D Kaba","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012111.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010222","article-title":"Scaling up of tsetse control to eliminate Gambian sleeping sickness in northern Uganda","volume":"16","author":"A Hope","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref042","first-page":"23","article-title":"The human trypanosomiasis situation in Gambella, south western Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"T Endeshaw","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Dev"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref043","volume-title":"Epidemiology and Ecology of Health and Disease In Ethiopia","author":"G Abebe","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3001.231319","article-title":"Reemergence of human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Ethiopia","volume":"30","author":"A Abera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05617-9","article-title":"The national atlas of tsetse flies and African animal trypanosomosis in Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"T Gebre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012111.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12579","article-title":"Environmental mutations in the Campo focus challenge elimination of sleeping sickness transmission in Cameroon","volume":"36","author":"TT Melachio Tanekou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04286-w","article-title":"Delivering \u2018tiny targets\u2019 in a remote region of southern Chad: a cost analysis of tsetse control in the Mandoul sleeping sickness focus","volume":"13","author":"J-B Rayaisse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05721-4","article-title":"Vector competence of sterile male Glossina fuscipes fuscipes for Trypanosoma brucei brucei: implications for the implementation of the sterile insect technique in a sleeping sickness focus in Chad","volume":"16","author":"MH Mahamat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012111.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008738","article-title":"Trypa-NO! contributes to the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis by combining tsetse control with \u201cscreen, diagnose and treat\u201d using innovative tools and strategies","volume":"14","author":"JM Ndung\u2019u","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012111.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009404","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009404","article-title":"Use of vector control to protect people from sleeping sickness in the focus of Bonon (C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire)","volume":"15","author":"D Kaba","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010033","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010033","article-title":"The cost of tsetse control using \u2019Tiny Targets\u2019 in the sleeping sickness endemic forest area of Bonon in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Implications for comparing costs across different settings","volume":"16","author":"F Courtin","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012111.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008270","article-title":"Impact of tiny targets on Glossina fuscipes quanzensis, the primary vector of human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"14","author":"I Tirados","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006879","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006879","article-title":"\u2019Where are the dead flies!\u2019: perceptions of local communities towards the deployment of Tiny Targets to control tsetse in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"7","author":"C Vander Kelen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012111.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008696","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008696","article-title":"Feasibility of community-based control of tsetse: A pilot project using Tiny Targets in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"14","author":"C Vander Kelen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04889-x","article-title":"Estimating the impact of Tiny Targets in reducing the incidence of Gambian sleeping sickness in the North-west Uganda focus","volume":"14","author":"PR Bessell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04156-5","article-title":"Developing a national atlas to support the progressive control of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomosis in Kenya","volume":"13","author":"NN Ngari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931078","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.931078","article-title":"Entomological assessment of tsetse-borne trypanosome risk in the Shimba Hills human-wildlife-livestock interface, Kenya","volume":"9","author":"FI Ebhodaghe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref058","unstructured":"Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Council (KENTTEC). KENTTEC strategic plan 2018\u20132022. Nairobi, 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04786-3","article-title":"An update on the distribution of Glossina (tsetse flies) at the wildlife-human-livestock interface of Akagera National Park, Rwanda","volume":"14","author":"RS Gashururu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012111.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009929","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009929","article-title":"Occurrence, diversity and distribution of Trypanosoma infections in cattle around the Akagera National Park, Rwanda","volume":"15","author":"R Gashururu S","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref061","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. Republic of Rwanda. Neglected Tropical Diseases Strategic Plan 2019\u20132024. Rwanda Biomedical Centre, 2019. https:\/\/rbc.gov.rw\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/guide2019\/guide2019\/RWANDA%20NTD%20STRATEGIC%20PLAN%202019-2024.pdf"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012111.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008288","article-title":"Assessing the effect of insecticide-treated cattle on tsetse abundance and trypanosome transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface in Serengeti, Tanzania","volume":"14","author":"JS Lord","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616865","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.616865","article-title":"Controlling tsetse flies and ticks using insecticide treatment of cattle in Tororo District Uganda: cost benefit analysis","volume":"8","author":"WO Okello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2020.e00185","article-title":"Experiences of the one-health approach by the Uganda Trypanosomiasis Control Council and its secretariat in the control of zoonotic sleeping sickness in Uganda","volume":"11","author":"C Waiswa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611132","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.611132","article-title":"Livestock Network Analysis for Rhodesiense Human African Trypanosomiasis Control in Uganda.","volume":"8","author":"WO Okello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012111.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100270","article-title":"Healthcare Management of Human African Trypanosomiasis Cases in the Eastern, Muchinga and Lusaka Provinces of Zambia","volume":"7","author":"AM Mwiinde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012111.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010193","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010193","article-title":"Current knowledge of vector-borne zoonotic pathogens in Zambia: A clarion call to scaling-up \"One Health\" research in the wake of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases","volume":"16","author":"B Mubemba","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010030","article-title":"Policy and Linkages in the Application of a One Health System for Reporting and Controlling African Trypanosomiasis and Other Zoonotic Diseases in Zambia","volume":"11","author":"GM Mulenga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04555-8","article-title":"An atlas of tsetse and animal African trypanosomiasis in Zimbabwe","volume":"14","author":"W Shereni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref070","unstructured":"WHO. Elimination of Human African Trypanosomiasis as public health problem. More countries eliminate human African trypanosomiasis as public health problem: Benin and Uganda (gambiense form) and Rwanda (rhodesiense form. Weekly epidemiological record 27 May 2022, 97th year. Nos 21\/22, 2022, 97, 225\u2013248. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/354577\/WER9721-22-247-248-eng-fre.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref071","first-page":"205","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis eliminated as a public health problem in Equatorial Guinea and Ghana","volume":"98","author":"WHO","year":"2023","journal-title":"Weekly epidemiological record 19 May 2023, 97th year. No 20"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref072","first-page":"173","article-title":"Elimination of Human African Trypanosomiasis as public health problem. First countries to eliminate Human African Trypanosomiasis as public health problem: Togo and Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"96","author":"WHO","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weekly epidemiological record 28 May2021, 96th year. No 21"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012111.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.290172","article-title":"Target product profile: diagnostic test for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"101","author":"G Priotto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref074","volume-title":"Target product profile for a gambiense human African trypanosomiasis test to identify individuals to receive widened treatment","author":"WHO","year":"2022"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012111.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009656","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009656","article-title":"Passive surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Understanding prevalence, clinical symptoms and signs, and diagnostic test characteristics","volume":"15","author":"M Kon\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012111.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01076-1","article-title":"Performance of clinical signs and symptoms, rapid and reference laboratory diagnostic tests for diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis by passive screening in Guinea: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study.","volume":"12","author":"O Camara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012111.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.290176","article-title":"Target product profile: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense test for low-prevalence settings","volume":"101","author":"G Priotto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref078","volume-title":"Target product profile for a gambiense human African trypanosomiasis individual test to assess infection in low prevalence settings","author":"WHO","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012111.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lqac081","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqac081","article-title":"Deep kinetoplast genome analyses result in a novel molecular assay for detecting Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-specific minicircles","volume":"4","author":"M Geerts","year":"2022","journal-title":"NAR Genom Bioinform"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012111.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009407","article-title":"Feasibility of a dried blood spot strategy for serological screening and surveillance to monitor elimination of Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"15","author":"R Inocencio da Luz","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104308","article-title":"SHERLOCK4HAT: A CRISPR-based tool kit for diagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis","volume":"85","author":"N Sima","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012111.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.290177","article-title":"Target product profile: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense test to verify elimination","volume":"101","author":"G Priotto","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref083","volume-title":"Target product profile for a gambiense human African trypanosomiasis high-throughput test for verification of elimination","author":"WHO","year":"2022"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012111.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.290173","article-title":"Target product profile: diagnostic test for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense","volume":"101","author":"G Priotto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0012111.ref085","volume-title":"Target product profile for a test for rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis diagnosis usable in peripheral health facilities","author":"WHO","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012111.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.005","article-title":"Developing a Progressive Control Pathway for African Animal Trypanosomosis","volume":"33","author":"O Diall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012111","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T18:13:06Z","timestamp":1715019186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012111"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Helen P.","family":"Price","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012111","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012111","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}}}