{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:16:04Z","timestamp":1790889364653,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010679","name":"Pasteur Institute of Iran","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The infectious inoculum of a sand fly, apart from its metacyclic promastigotes, is composed of factors derived from both the parasite and the vector. Vector-derived factors, including salivary proteins and the gut microbiota, are essential for the establishment and enhancement of infection. However, the type and the number of bacteria egested during salivation is unclear. In the present study, sand flies of<jats:italic>Phlebotomus papatasi<\/jats:italic>were gathered from three locations in hyperendemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Isfahan Province, Iran. By using the forced salivation assay and targeting the<jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic>barcode gene, egested bacteria were characterized in 99 (44%) out of 224 sand flies. Culture-dependent and culture-independent methods identified the members of<jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>species as dominant taxa, respectively. Ten top genera of<jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Ralstonia<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Reyranella<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Undibacterium<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Bryobacter<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Cutibacterium<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Psychrobacter<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>constituted &gt;80% of the saliva microbiome. Phylogenetic analysis displayed the presence of only one bacterial species for the<jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Ralstonia<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Reyranella<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Bryobacter<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>, two distinct species for<jats:italic>Cutibacterium<\/jats:italic>, three for<jats:italic>Undibacterium<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Psychrobacter<\/jats:italic>, 16 for<jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>, and 27 for<jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>, in the saliva. The abundance of microbes in<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>papatasi<\/jats:italic>saliva was determined by incorporating the data on the read counts and the copy number of<jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic>gene, about 9,000 bacterial cells, per sand fly. Both microbiological and metagenomic data indicate that bacteria are constant companions of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>, from the intestine of the vector to the vertebrate host. This is the first forced salivation experiment in a sand fly, addressing key questions on infectious bite and competent vectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T17:46:01Z","timestamp":1716313561000},"page":"e0012165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterization of bacteria expectorated during forced salivation of the Phlebotomus papatasi: A neglected component of sand fly infectious inoculums"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7209-5908","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naseh","family":"Maleki-Ravasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyedeh Maryam","family":"Ghafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narmin","family":"Najafzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateh","family":"Karimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Darzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshanak","family":"Davoudian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Farshbaf Pourabad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parviz","family":"Parvizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10151","key":"pntd.0012165.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"S Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012165.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab015","article-title":"Hygiene. The history of the neglected tropical disease movement","volume":"115","author":"DH Molyneux","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012165.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010471","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010471","article-title":"Estimating the global demand curve for a leishmaniasis vaccine: A generalisable approach based on global burden of disease estimates","volume":"16","author":"S Mohan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012165.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taac031","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac031","article-title":"Global burden and trends of neglected tropical diseases from 1990 to 2019","volume":"29","author":"Y Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Journal of Travel Medicine"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref005","unstructured":"World Health Organization Leishmaniasis factsheet. Geneva: WHO. 2022."},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.023","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the world health organization eastern mediterranean region","volume":"36","author":"JAR Postigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J International journal of antimicrobial agents"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012165.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.29252\/JoMMID.7.3.52","article-title":"Emerging epidemics of cutaneous leishmaniasis in iran: operational aspects, management and implemented control approaches","volume":"7","author":"I Sharifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Journal of Medical Microbiology Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania transmission","volume":"6","author":"M. Yaghoobi-Ershadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Journal of arthropod-borne diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012165.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02121.x","article-title":"Nested PCRs and sequencing of nuclear ITS-rDNA fragments detect three Leishmania species of gerbils in sandflies from Iranian foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"13","author":"P Parvizi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref010","first-page":"8","article-title":"Blood meal identification in field-captured sand flies: comparison of PCR-RFLP and ELISA assays","volume":"3","author":"N Maleki-Ravasan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Iranian journal of arthropod-borne diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012165.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.08-0469","article-title":"Vector incrimination of sand flies in the most important visceral leishmaniasis focus in Iran","volume":"81","author":"MA Oshaghi","year":"2009b","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.01.015","article-title":"Development of species-specific PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assays for L. infantum\/L. donovani discrimination","volume":"122","author":"MA Oshaghi","year":"2009a","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012165.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.191343","article-title":"Ecoepidemiological characteristics of a hypoendemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in north Iran (southeast of Caspian Sea)","volume":"53","author":"MD Agh-Atabay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of vector borne diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11120.1","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: a review","volume":"6","author":"E Torres-Guerrero","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012165.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120695","article-title":"Protective or Detrimental? Understanding the Role of Host Immunity in Leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"C Dos Santos Meira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012165.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa119","article-title":"Cloning, high-level gene expression and bioinformatics analysis of SP15 and LeIF from Leishmania major and Iranian Phlebotomus papatasi saliva as single and novel fusion proteins: a potential vaccine candidate against leishmaniasis","volume":"115","author":"A Bordbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03240-z","article-title":"Sand flies: Basic information on the vectors of leishmaniasis and their interactions with Leishmania parasites","volume":"5","author":"P Cec\u00edlio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.002","article-title":"Gut Microbes Egested during Bites of Infected Sand Flies Augment Severity of Leishmaniasis via Inflammasome-Derived IL-1\u03b2","volume":"23","author":"R Dey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell host & microbe"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012165.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.07.003","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: the act of transmission","volume":"37","author":"TD Serafim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends in parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref020","first-page":"13","article-title":"Co-infection of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) gut bacteria with Leishmania major exacerbates the pathological responses of BALB\/c mice","author":"F Amni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012165.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.368","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of salivary glands proteomes from wild Phlebotomus papatasi-proven vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran","volume":"7","author":"S Maryam Ghafari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary medicine and science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref022","first-page":"69","article-title":"Aerobic Microbial Community of Insectary Population of Phlebotomus papatasi","volume":"8","author":"N Maleki-Ravasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of arthropod-borne diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-744-8","volume-title":"Ecology of parasite-vector interactions","author":"W Takken","year":"2013"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012165.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005600","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005600","article-title":"Insights into the sand fly saliva: Blood-feeding and immune interactions between sand flies, hosts, and Leishmania","volume":"11","author":"T Lestinova","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref025","unstructured":"Munstermann LE. In Medical and Veterinary Entomology 3, editor: eds Mullen, G. R. & Durden, L. A; 2019. 192\u2013210 p."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26010-6","article-title":"Detection of malaria sporozoites expelled during mosquito sugar feeding","volume":"8","author":"VA Brugman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref027","first-page":"100506","article-title":"The significance of mosquito saliva in arbovirus transmission and pathogenesis in the vertebrate host","volume":"16","author":"I Visser","year":"2023","journal-title":"One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"issue":"138","key":"pntd.0012165.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/57980-v","article-title":"Forced Salivation As a Method to Analyze Vector Competence of Mosquitoes","author":"A Heitmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012165.ref029","first-page":"pdb. prot093450","volume":"2017","author":"MR Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Isolation of high-molecular-weight DNA using organic solvents"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0517-3","article-title":"Aerobic bacterial flora of biotic and abiotic compartments of a hyperendemic Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) focus","volume":"8","author":"N Maleki-Ravasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00505","article-title":"New Insights Into Culturable and Unculturable Bacteria Across the Life History of Medicinal Maggots Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)","volume":"11","author":"N Maleki-Ravasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref032","unstructured":"NCBI BLAST, search set: nucleotide collection. http:\/\/blastncbinlmnih\/gov\/Blastcgi"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref033","unstructured":"leBIBI: Bio informatics bacteria identification. https:\/\/umr5558-bibiservuniv-lyon1fr\/lebibi\/lebibicgi."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012165.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.20347","article-title":"Group-specific primer and probe sets to detect methanogenic communities using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"89","author":"Y Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biotechnology and bioengineering"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref035","volume-title":"FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. Babraham Bioinformatics","author":"S. Andrews","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref036","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","volume":"17","author":"M. Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J EMBnet.journal"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0012165.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01456-z","article-title":"The structure and diversity of microbial communities in Paederus fuscipes (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): from ecological paradigm to pathobiome","volume":"11","author":"B Chamankar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012165.ref040","first-page":"614","article-title":"PEAR: a fast and accurate Illumina Paired-End reAd mergeR","volume":"30","author":"J Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0470-z","article-title":"Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2\u2019s q2-feature-classifier plugin","volume":"6","author":"NA Bokulich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1266-9","article-title":"Estimating bacteria diversity in different organs of nine species of mosquito by next generation sequencing","volume":"18","author":"MV Mancini","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012165.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"E Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012165.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004332","article-title":"List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ","volume":"70","author":"AC Parte","year":"2020","journal-title":"International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D593","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1201","article-title":"rrnDB: improved tools for interpreting rRNA gene abundance in bacteria and archaea and a new foundation for future development","volume":"43","author":"SF Stoddard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012165.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035748","article-title":"Naturally Occurring Culturable Aerobic Gut Flora of Adult Phlebotomus papatasi, Vector of Leishmania major in the Old World","volume":"7","author":"J Mukhopadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3273-y","article-title":"Aerobic midgut microbiota of sand fly vectors of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis from northern Iran, a step toward finding potential paratransgenic candidates","volume":"12","author":"F Karimian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-022-00455-y","article-title":"Possible clinical implications and future directions of managing bacterial biofilms in cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds","volume":"50","author":"TDJ Kaluarachchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012165.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2008.46.3.191","article-title":"Distribution frequency of pathogenic bacteria isolated from cutaneus leishmaniasis lesions","volume":"46","author":"H Ziaei","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Korean journal of parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685296","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.685296","article-title":"Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis And Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)","volume":"11","author":"G Volpedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04686-6","article-title":"Effect of blood source on vector competence of Culex pipiens biotypes for Usutu virus","volume":"14","author":"SR Abbo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012165.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0249471","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249471","article-title":"A laboratory-based study to explore the use of honey-impregnated cards to detect chikungunya virus in mosquito saliva","volume":"16","author":"L Fourniol","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012165.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12040304","article-title":"Characterizing and Quantifying Arbovirus Transmission by Aedes aegypti Using Forced Salivation and Analysis of Bloodmeals","volume":"12","author":"MR Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insects"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05198-7","article-title":"Saliva collection via capillary method may underestimate arboviral transmission by mosquitoes","volume":"15","author":"A Gloria-Soria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88659-w","article-title":"A non-destructive sugar-feeding assay for parasite detection and estimating the extrinsic incubation period of Plasmodium falciparum in individual mosquito vectors","volume":"11","author":"E Guissou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6305484","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6305484","article-title":"Simultaneous Coinfections with West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus in Culex pipiens and Aedes vexans Mosquitoes","volume":"2023","author":"C K\u00f6rsten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012165.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.07.004","article-title":"Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus is circulating both Leishmania donovani and L. infantum in northwest Iran","volume":"123","author":"MA Oshaghi","year":"2009c","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012165.ref058","first-page":"269","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Plasmodium Infection among Anophelinae Mosquitoes and Differentiation of Biological Forms of Anopheles Stephensi Collected from Malarious Areas of Afghanistan and Iran","volume":"32","author":"V Moin-Vaziri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethiopian journal of health sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-023-00266-0","article-title":"Accounting for 16S rRNA copy number prediction uncertainty and its implications in bacterial diversity analyses","volume":"3","author":"Y Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISME Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012165.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s002489900162","article-title":"Prokaryotic Genome Size and SSU rDNA Copy Number: Estimation of Microbial Relative Abundance from a Mixed Population","volume":"38","author":"GB Fogel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbial ecology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012165.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002743","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002743","article-title":"Incorporating 16S Gene Copy Number Information Improves Estimates of Microbial Diversity and Abundance","volume":"8","author":"SW Kembel","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2015.05.027","article-title":"Microbial rRNA:rDNA gene ratios may be unexpectedly low due to extracellular DNA preservation in soils","volume":"115","author":"G Dlott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of microbiological methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012165.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000417","article-title":"Accurate quantification of bacterial abundance in metagenomic DNAs accounting for variable DNA integrity levels","volume":"6","author":"C Manzari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbial genomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012165.ref064","first-page":"e977","article-title":"Absolute quantitation of microbes using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding: A rapid normalization of relative abundances by quantitative PCR targeting a 16S rRNA gene spike-in standard","volume":"9","author":"O Zemb","year":"2020","journal-title":"crobiologyOpen"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012165.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057923","article-title":"The Variability of the 16S rRNA Gene in Bacterial Genomes and Its Consequences for Bacterial Community Analyses","volume":"8","author":"T V\u011btrovsk\u00fd","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"19","key":"pntd.0012165.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5962","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01282-13","article-title":"Intragenomic heterogeneity of 16S rRNA genes causes overestimation of prokaryotic diversity","volume":"79","author":"DL Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012165.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.61","article-title":"Enterobacter cloacae complex: clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance","volume":"7","author":"ML Mezzatesta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05183-0","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-malaria potency of wild and genetically modified Enterobacter cloacae expressing effector proteins in Anopheles stephensi","volume":"15","author":"H Dehghan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012165.ref069","first-page":"515","article-title":"Dynamics of Transgenic Enterobacter cloacae Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein Defensin (GFP-D) in Anopheles stephensi Under Laboratory Condition","volume":"11","author":"H Dehghan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of arthropod-borne diseases"},{"issue":"14\u201315","key":"pntd.0012165.ref070","first-page":"604","article-title":"Spiroplasmas: infectious agents of plants, arthropods and vertebrates","volume":"109","author":"JM Bov\u00e9","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wiener klinische Wochenschrift"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35326-2","article-title":"Large variability in the motility of spiroplasmas in media of different viscosities","volume":"8","author":"JF Boudet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.106.058818","article-title":"Heritable endosymbionts of Drosophila","volume":"174","author":"M Mateos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07637-8","article-title":"Genome analysis of Spiroplasma citri strains from different host plants and its leafhopper vectors","volume":"22","author":"R Rattner","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref074","first-page":"149","article-title":"Mosquito spiroplasmas","volume":"7","author":"C Chastel","year":"1991"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012165.ref075","first-page":"150","article-title":"Tabanid spiroplasmas from France: characterization, ecology and experimental study","volume":"68","author":"F Le Goff","year":"1993"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12468.1","article-title":"Identification of Spiroplasmainsolitum symbionts in Anopheles gambiae","volume":"2","author":"ST Chepkemoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome open research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012165.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29031-3","article-title":"Investigation of Wolbachia spp. and Spiroplasma spp. in Phlebotomus species by molecular methods","volume":"8","author":"B Karatepe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6998","key":"pntd.0012165.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02675","article-title":"Transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis by sand flies is enhanced by regurgitation of fPPG","volume":"430","author":"ME Rogers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"29","key":"pntd.0012165.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10125","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802331105","article-title":"Quantification of the infectious dose of Leishmania major transmitted to the skin by single sand flies","volume":"105","author":"N Kimblin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745104","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2021.745104","article-title":"Repeated sand fly bites of infected BALB\/c mice enhance the development of Leishmania lesions","volume":"2","author":"B Vojtkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Frontiers in Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012165.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26100","article-title":"The long-standing history of Corynebacterium parvum, immunity, and viruses","volume":"92","author":"B Palmieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"pntd.0012165.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mgene.2020.100672","article-title":"Immunomodulation by Acinetobacter baumannii of endotracheal tube biofilm in ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"SS Khazaal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Meta Gene"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012165","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T16:00:14Z","timestamp":1732032014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012165"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Madison-Antenucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012165","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]}}}