{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:57:25Z","timestamp":1792015045046,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012198","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000}}],"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006537","name":"Campus France","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["135485R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["135485R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is a serious endemic zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan parasite <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> infection during pregnancy can result in congenital transmission and serious fetal and neonatal complications. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the pooled seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> infection and its determinants among pregnant women in African countries.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All articles reporting the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in African countries and published from 2010 to 2023 were searched using various databases. The pooled prevalence of toxoplasmosis was calculated using a random-effect model. The variation between the included studies was assessed using a funnel plot and I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> heterogeneity statistics. To identify the sources of heterogeneity, sub-group analysis was further conducted by country, diagnostic method, and sub-African region. The association of prevalence rates with the socio-economic level and geoclimatic parameters was also explored.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In total, 29,383 pregnant women from 60 articles were included for analysis. The pooled <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence was 42.89% with high heterogeneity (I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 99.4%, P &lt; 0.001). Sub-group analysis revealed variation by country (ranging from 2.62% in Namibia to 80.28% in Congo), diagnostic method used (from 8.66% in studies using a rapid diagnostic test to 55.69% in those using an agglutination test), and sub-African region (from 4.14% in regions of Southern Africa to 53.96 in Central Africa). Cat ownership (OR = 1.58) and the consumption of raw meat (OR = 1.50) and raw vegetables (OR = 1.48) had a statistically significant combined effect on <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence. No association was found between <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> prevalence and the level of income of the country or geoclimatic parameters.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of toxoplasmosis infection among pregnant women in Africa is high, particularly in Central and Eastern Africa. The determinants of prevalence are multifactorial. Therefore, efforts should be made to increase the awareness of women concerning the risk factors for toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T17:57:48Z","timestamp":1716487068000},"page":"e0012198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence among pregnant women in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yared","family":"Mulu Gelaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gizachew","family":"Worku Dagnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getu","family":"Degu Alene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Gangneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-596X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Florence","family":"Robert-Gangneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012198.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.005","article-title":"History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"39","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0012198.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"F Robert-Gangneux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0012198.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4526(10)60001-0","article-title":"Transmission of toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) by foods.","volume":"60","author":"KS Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012198.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.002","article-title":"Control of the risk of human toxoplasmosis transmitted by meat","volume":"38","author":"A Kijlstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0012198.ref005","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn E-Book","author":"JS Remington","year":"2010"},{"key":"pntd.0012198.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.111732","article-title":"The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review","volume":"91","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0012198.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900710","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.5.1900710","article-title":"National perinatal survey demonstrates a decreasing seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in France, 1995 to 2016: impact for screening policy.","volume":"26","author":"E Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"pntd.0012198.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0254209","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254209","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis infection among pregnant women in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"TT Dasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"pntd.0012198.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Windhoek, Namibia, in 2016","volume":"35","author":"BE Van der Colf","year":"2020","journal-title":"South Afr J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012198.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.03.005","article-title":"High prevalence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies and absence of Toxoplasma gondii infection risk factors among pregnant women attending routine antenatal care in two Hospitals of Addis Ababa","volume":"34","author":"W Gelaye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ethiopia. 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