{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:20:47Z","timestamp":1780510847017,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012202","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000}}],"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Innovative Rodent Pest Management and Biosensor Technology Development","award":["ACE II\u2014Credit number 5799\u2013TZ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE II\u2014Credit number 5799\u2013TZ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Plague continues to be a major public health concern in African countries. Several social practices and environmental conditions have been associated with the reoccurrence of bubonic plague, especially in places where the disease is prevalent. Therefore, it remains important to understand people knowledge, behavior and practices related to disease risks in order to identify factors that may hinder prevention and control strategies in the foci.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A study survey of 100 households was conducted in Mbulu district to assess plague knowledge, factors that influence flea bite and measures used for rodent and flea control. Majority of participants (86%) were familiar with the plague disease and about (50%) mentioned swelling lymph nodes as a common symptom. Most of the participants (62%) claimed to observe human plague cases during the long rain season. The majority of participants (97%) reported to experience flea bite in their domestic settings, with most stating that they experienced more flea bites during the dry season. Houses with livestock had a greater likelihood of flea bite (OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 0.36\u201318.80, p = 0.267) compared to houses with no livestock. Furthermore, residents reported using both local and chemical methods to control rodents and flea inside houses. Most respondents preferred using local methods in flea control. Respondents stated that the efficacy of flea control methods being applied ranged from few days to several months. There was limited knowledge of the residual effects of the agricultural chemicals being used to control fleas among the surveyed community.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study highlights the importance of raising awareness and adopting effective control methods for controlling fleas and lower the risk of plague transmission and other flea borne diseases in the local communities. Sensitization of the local community on the use of appropriate chemicals for flea control is urgent to avoid any potential long-term impacts of the residual effects on the health of the local communities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T17:44:38Z","timestamp":1717091078000},"page":"e0012202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Knowledge and practices related to plague persistence in plague-endemic foci, Mbulu District, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7564-9134","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stella T.","family":"Kessy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfan A.","family":"Rija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012202.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050003","article-title":"Plague: past, present, and future","volume":"5","author":"NC Stenseth","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012202.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002680","article-title":"Where does human plague still persist in Latin America?","volume":"8","author":"MC Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref003","unstructured":"WHO. Weekly epidemiological record; 2016 [Internet]. 2016. http:\/\/www.who.int\/wer\/2016\/wer9108.pdf"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref004","article-title":"Plague around the world in 2019","volume":"94","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weekly epidemiological record"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref005","unstructured":"WHO. URL: http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/don\/02-november-2017-plague-madagascar\/en\/. 2017. Plague Outbreak Madagascar."},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref006","first-page":"21","article-title":"Current perspectives on the spread of plague in Africa","volume":"6","author":"WM Lotfy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012202.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00096-X","article-title":"Preliminary observations on factors responsible for long persistence and continued outbreaks of plague in Lushoto district, Tanzania","volume":"68","author":"BS Kilonzo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012202.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v8i1.14262","article-title":"Observations on the endemicity of plague in Karatu and Ngorongoro, northern Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"BS Kilonzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tanzan J Health Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref009","unstructured":"Lyimo J. Tanzania: Plague Outbreak Puts Seven in Hospital. [Internet]. 2010. https:\/\/allafrica.com."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012202.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1071\/WR14254","article-title":"We are connected: flea\u2014host association networks in the plague outbreak focus in the Rift Valley, northern Tanzania","volume":"42","author":"RH Makundi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wildlife Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012202.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1788","article-title":"A taxonomic update of small mammal plague reservoirs in South America","volume":"15","author":"CR Bonvicino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012202.ref012","first-page":"68","article-title":"Identification of Risk Factors Associated with Transmission of Plague Disease in Eastern Zambia","volume":"97","author":"SS Nyirenda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Role of potential reservoir hosts and flea vectors in plague epidemiology in eastern Zambia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012202.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1381","article-title":"Epidemiology, ecology and prevention of plague in the West Nile Region of Uganda: the value of long-term field studies","volume":"105","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vall\u00e8sid X, Stenseth NC, Demeure C, Horby P, Mead PS, Cabanillas O, et al. Human plague: An old scourge that needs new answers. 2020 [cited 2023 Sep 29]; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008251.g001","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008251"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012202.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113789","article-title":"A one health perspective on the human\u2014companion animal relationship with emphasis on zoonotic aspects","volume":"17","author":"PAM Overgaauw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012202.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002160","article-title":"Plague and climate: scales matter","volume":"7","author":"T Ben Ari","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012202.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.5.629","article-title":"Effect of air temperature and humidity on the survival of pre-imaginal stages of two flea species (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)","volume":"38","author":"BR Krasnov","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012202.ref018","first-page":"70","article-title":"Time of survival under starvation in two flea species (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) at different air temperatures and relative humidities","volume":"27","author":"BR Krasnov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Ecology"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.04.011","article-title":"Host biology and environmental variables differentially predict flea abundances for two rodent hosts in a plague-relevant system","volume":"9","author":"TT Hammond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012202.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190216","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190216","article-title":"Human plague system associated with rodent diversity and other environmental factors","volume":"6","author":"Z Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012202.ref021","first-page":"70","article-title":"Plague epidemiology and control in eastern and southern Africa during the period 1978 to 1997","volume":"45","author":"BS Kilonzo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012202.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90263-C","article-title":"Plague in Lushoto District, Tanzania, 1980\u20131988","volume":"86","author":"BS Kilonzo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1515\/MAMM.2008.038","article-title":"Potential mammalian reservoirs in a bubonic plague outbreak focus in Mbulu District, northern Tanzania, in 2007","volume":"72","author":"RH Makundi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mammalia"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012202.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.4.678","article-title":"Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) is as efficient as transmission by blocked fleas","volume":"44","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012202.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.130629","article-title":"Yersinia pestis in Pulex irritans fleas during plague outbreak, Madagascar","volume":"20","author":"J Ratovonjato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012202.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1305.061084","article-title":"Plague and the human flea, Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"A Laudisoit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref027","article-title":"Role of potential reservoir hosts and flea vectors in plague epidemiology in eastern Zambia","author":"SS Nyirenda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sokoine University of Agriculture"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012202.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0035","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for plague in the West Nile region of Uganda","volume":"90","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)87251-4","article-title":"Case-control study to determine the associated risk factors of the presence of bubonic plague in Tunad, Hualabamba and El Gigante villages in San Bernardino district-San Pablocajamarca, Peru","volume":"50","author":"OC Angulo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012202.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0571","article-title":"Landscape and residential variables associated with plague-endemic villages in the West Nile region of Uganda","volume":"84","author":"K MacMillan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012202.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v9i1.14286","article-title":"Pattern and spatial distribution of plague in Lushoto, north-eastern Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"ML Kamugisha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tanzan J Health Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012202.ref032","article-title":"Impact of climate change on human health and health systems in Tanzania: a review","volume":"13","author":"LEG Mboera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tanzan J Health Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012202.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.07.028","article-title":"Human plague occurrences in Africa: an overview from 1877 to 2008","volume":"104","author":"S Neerinckx","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref034","unstructured":"WHOPE. WHOPE. 2006. p. 113 Pesticides and their application for the control of vectors adn pests of public health importance. http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/hq\/2006\/WHO_CDS_NTD_WHOPES_GCDPP_2006.1_eng.pdf"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012202.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01677.x","article-title":"Epidemiological trends for human plague in Madagascar during the second half of the 20th century: a survey of 20 900 notified cases","volume":"11","author":"R Migliani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012202.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.6.689","article-title":"Potential exposure and health risks of infants following indoor residential pesticide applications","volume":"80","author":"RA Fenske","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012202.ref037","first-page":"119","article-title":"Further observations on an insecticide-bait-box method for the control of sylvatic plague vectors; effect of prolonged field exposure to DDT powder","volume":"58","author":"L. Kartman","year":"1960","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012202.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.1.46","article-title":"Flea (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae, Hystrichopsyllidae) and tick (Acarina: Ixodidae) control on wood rats using host-targeted liquid permethrin in bait tubes","volume":"34","author":"KL Gage","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012202.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0007604","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007604","article-title":"Field assessment of insecticide dusting and bait station treatment impact against rodent flea and house flea species in the Madagascar plague context","volume":"13","author":"A Miarinjara","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012202.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111998","article-title":"Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) susceptibility to deltamethrin in Madagascar","volume":"9","author":"S Boyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012202.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0004414","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004414","article-title":"Current perspectives on plague vector control in Madagascar: susceptibility status of Xenopsylla cheopis to 12 insecticides","volume":"10","author":"A Miarinjara","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref042","article-title":"Indiscriminate use of agro-veterinary pesticides in plague endemic foci in Tanzania: Potential risk for development of insecticide resistance in flea vectors","author":"Grace Rugalema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012202.ref043","article-title":"Plague in Tanzania: an overview","volume":"15","author":"MH Ziwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tanzan J Health Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106566","article-title":"Preliminary investigation and intervention of the suspected plague outbreak in Madunga, Babati District-Tanzania","volume":"233","author":"CD Mwalimu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2022.06.006","article-title":"Plague in Tanzania: first report of sylvatic plague in Morogoro region, persistence in Mbulu focus, and ongoing quiescence in Lushoto and Iringa foci","volume":"4","author":"L Haikukutu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJID Regions"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref046","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania (NBS). The United Republic of Tanzania Administrative Units Population Distribution Report [Internet]. 2022. https:\/\/www.nbs.go.tz\/nbs\/takwimu\/Census2022\/Administrative_units_Population_Distribution_Report_Tanzania_volume1a.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012202.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.171974","article-title":"Trends of human plague, Madagascar, 1998\u20132016","volume":"25","author":"V Andrianaivoarimanana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012202.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.10.008","article-title":"Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution","volume":"24","author":"BM Bolker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref049","unstructured":"https:\/\/datadryad.org\/stash\/share\/iDOvCqdJs68ODhDL3g_t4GiAxwd2P3TLRXTFhb7tlw4"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012202.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35","article-title":"Yersinia pestis\u2014etiologic agent of plague","volume":"10","author":"RD Perry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref051","article-title":"Rodent abundance, diversity and community structure in a bubonic plague endemic area, northern Tanzania","author":"ST Kessy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mammalia"},{"issue":"35","key":"pntd.0012202.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14527","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015946108","article-title":"Dynamics of the plague\u2014wildlife\u2014human system in Central Asia are controlled by two epidemiological thresholds","volume":"108","author":"I. Samia Noelle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5671","key":"pntd.0012202.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095854","article-title":"Predictive thresholds for plague in Kazakhstan","volume":"304","author":"Stephen Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012202.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.451","article-title":"The biology, ecology, and management of the cat flea","volume":"42","author":"MK Rust","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-191","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the transmission of Yersinia Pestis by the flea, Xenopsylla Cheopis, in the late phase period","volume":"4","author":"AM Schotthoefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref056","first-page":"1","article-title":"Risk factors associated with Ctenocephalides felis flea infestation of peri-urban goats: a neglected parasite in an under-appreciated host","volume":"53","author":"JR Dahm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-139","article-title":"Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae","volume":"4","author":"G Dobler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-32","article-title":"The acceptability of rat trap uses over pesticides for rodent control in two poor urban communities in South Africa","volume":"11","author":"R Roomaney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmental Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012202.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0006829","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006829","article-title":"Rodent control to fight Lassa fever: Evaluation and lessons learned from a 4-year study in Upper Guinea","volume":"12","author":"A Mari Saez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420006650.ch14","article-title":"Plant-based insect repellents","author":"SJ Moore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Insect repellents: principles methods, and use"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012202.ref061","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development and testing","volume":"10","author":"MF Maia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pntd.0012202.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.22271\/27889289.2023.v3.i2b.95","article-title":"Insecticidal Activity of Botanicals and their Effectiveness in Insects and Pests Control","volume":"3","author":"F Ajao","year":"2023","journal-title":"South Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012202","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T18:34:40Z","timestamp":1718130880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012202"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vladimir L.","family":"Motin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012202","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012202","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]}}}