{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:35:09Z","timestamp":1740148509228,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAEF II-IOC-23-FIO-18\u20132-53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAEF II-IOC-23-FIO-18\u20132-53"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FAPERJ (E-26\/202.854\/2015)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPERJ (E-26\/202.854\/2015)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Capes finance code 001","award":["code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["code 001"]}]},{"name":"scholarship from Fiocruz to the Tropical Medicine Graduation Program."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gold miners working illegally in mines live in poor health conditions related to their strenuous work and precarious housing. Therefore, they are at higher risk for infectious diseases. American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) appears to be of great concern to the population living in the Guiana Shield region. Our aim was to describe their demographic characteristics, the clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and the frequency of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection in people working in illegal gold mines in French Guiana. A cross-sectional study was carried out from October to December 2019 in Oiapoque city, Amap\u00e1, Brazil. Indeed, many gold miners working in French Guiana are originally from Brazil, and from Oiapoque in particular. A total of 105 participants from 31 different mining sites in French Guiana were recruited. Suspected <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection was confirmed by the following: detection of kDNA in blood or the lesion site; detection of specific antibodies; or detection of IFN-\u03b3 release after blood incubation with leishmanial antigens (IGRA-Leish). Nine active CL cases, 38 healed ATL (hATL) and 58 cases with no history of ATL (noATL), were identified. Only half of the treated hATL (50.0%; n = 14) reported having been assisted by a health care unit and the others treated themselves. PCR-kDNA for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> was positive in the blood of 100% of CL cases. Curiously, blood PCR-kDNA was positive in 13% of hATL patients and in 15.5% of noATL patients. The IGRA-Leish was positive in 60.5% of hATL and in 37.9% of noATL. In addition to scars suggestive of CL, 71% of hATL had laboratory evidence of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection. Restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) of the <jats:italic>hsp<\/jats:italic>70 gene identified a sympatric circulation of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>(V<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>) guyanensis<\/jats:italic> (n = 4), <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>(V<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>) braziliensis<\/jats:italic> (n = 1), <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>(L<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>) amazonensis<\/jats:italic> (n = 2), <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>(V<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>) shawi<\/jats:italic> (n = 1) and <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>(V<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>) naiffi\/shawi<\/jats:italic> (n = 1). Taking the laboratory techniques and the clinical evaluations together, 76% (n = 80) of the 105 participants had evidence of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection. These results suggests that illegal gold miners working in French Guiana are at high risk for infection with different species of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>, but their illegal condition and remoteness make it difficult for them to access health services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T17:33:43Z","timestamp":1719423223000},"page":"e0012210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical and parasitological features of Leishmania infection among gold miners in the Oiapoque basin, an international Brazil-French Guiana border"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Pamela","family":"Mosquera Atehortua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Figueira da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lohaine","family":"Mafra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samyra","family":"Almeida-da-Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cintia Xavier","family":"De Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hermano","family":"Gomes Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Andr\u00e9 Boaventura de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Hureau-Mutricy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maylis","family":"Douine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alda","family":"Maria Da-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"C. Su\u00e1rez-Mutis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0623-3860","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adriano","family":"Gomes-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Regional Leishmaniasis Information System (SisLeish)","year":"2021","author":"Pan American Health Organization","key":"pntd.0012210.ref001"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012210.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.19","article-title":"Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"8","author":"H Goto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther."},{"key":"pntd.0012210.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1086\/319990","article-title":"Comparison of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis in Brazil: Clinical findings and diagnostic approach.","volume":"32","author":"GAS Romero","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012210.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652008000300005","article-title":"Failure of both azithromycin and antimony to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil.","volume":"50","author":"AC Teixeira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo."},{"issue":"519","key":"pntd.0012210.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax4204","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax4204","article-title":"Variable gene expression and parasite load predict treatment outcome in cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"CF Amorim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012210.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3126-3132.2003","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism and molecular epidemiology of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis from different hosts and geographic areas in Brazil.","volume":"41","author":"E Cupolillo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012210.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e980","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000980","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in the Brazilian Amazon.","volume":"5","author":"JA Guerra","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012210.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0398","article-title":"Atypical lesions as a sign of cutaneous dissemination of visceral leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient simultaneously infected by two viscerotropic Leishmania species","volume":"85","author":"JR Santos-Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012210.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106146","article-title":"New world Leishmania spp. infection in people living with HIV: Concerns about relapses and secondary prophylaxis","volume":"224","author":"CF Ara\u00fajo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012210.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01609-9","article-title":"A revised classification for Leishmania and Endotrypanum","volume":"16","author":"E Cupolillo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012210.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0268-2013","article-title":"Tegumentary leishmaniasis in the State of Amazonas: what have we learned and what do we need?","volume":"48","author":"JA Guerra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0012210.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762004000300001","article-title":"Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with special reference to the disease in Amazonian Brazil","volume":"99","author":"FT Silveira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012210.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150128","article-title":"Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi: rare enough to be neglected?","volume":"110","author":"GA Fagundes-Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"pntd.0012210.ref014","first-page":"172","article-title":"Leishmaniose Tegumentar no munic\u00edpio de Manaus\u2014Aspectos epidemiol\u00f3gicos.","volume":"31","author":"JAO Guerra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0012210.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180256","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0256-2018","article-title":"Binational burden of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Oiapoque, Amap\u00e1 State, Brazil, bordering French Guiana.","volume":"52","author":"T Vasconcelos-Dos-Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012210.ref016","first-page":"616","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana.","volume":"83","author":"JP Dedet","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg. Sep-Oct 1979"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012210.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14625","article-title":"American cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana: an epidemiological update and study of environmental risk factors.","volume":"58","author":"R Loiseau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0012210.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.81","article-title":"Ecology of the Leishmania species in the Guiana ecoregion complex","volume":"74","author":"B. Rotureau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012210.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4557-4","article-title":"Illegal gold miners in French Guiana: a neglected population with poor health.","volume":"18","author":"M Douine","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"pntd.0012210.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-019-0150-0","article-title":"Complex malaria epidemiology in an international border area between Brazil and French Guiana: challenges for elimination","volume":"47","author":"VC Franco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"pntd.0012210.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-017-0045-x","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana: revising epidemiology with PCR-RFLP","volume":"45","author":"S Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012210.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2018.2010.00541.x","article-title":"Recruitment of hard-to-reach population subgroups via adaptations of the snowball sampling strategy.","volume":"12","author":"GR Sadler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nurs Health Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012210.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1.1.46","article-title":"PCR amplification from paraffin-embedded tissues: recommendations on fixatives for long-term storage and prospective studies","volume":"1","author":"CE Greer","year":"1991","journal-title":"PCR Methods Appl"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012210.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1819-1823.1999","article-title":"Use of PCR in diagnosis of human American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"37","author":"C Pirmez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012210.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000500014","article-title":"Development and validation of PCR-based assays for diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and identification of the parasite species","volume":"107","author":"GC Gra\u00e7a","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012210.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2012.01379.x","article-title":"Decrease in anti-Leishmania IgG3 and IgG1 after cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion healing is correlated with the time of clinical cure","volume":"34","author":"GA Fagundes-Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012210.ref027","first-page":"227","article-title":"Fluorescent antibody test for the serodiagnosis of American trypanosomiasis. Technical modification employing preserved culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in a slide test.","volume":"8","author":"ME Camargo","year":"1966","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012210.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010326","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010326","article-title":"Zoonoses and gold mining: A cross-sectional study to assess yellow fever immunization, Q fever, leptospirosis and leishmaniasis among the population working on illegal mining camps in French Guiana","volume":"16","author":"M Douine","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012210.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv355","article-title":"Presence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 in Leishmania guyanensis increases the risk of first-line treatment failure and symptomatic relapse","volume":"213","author":"E Bourreau","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012210.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1086\/507710","article-title":"American tegumentary leishmaniasis: Is antimonial treatment outcome related to parasite drug susceptibility?","volume":"194","author":"V Yardley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012210.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822011000200026","article-title":"American cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis resistant to meglumine antimoniate, but with good response to pentamidine: a case report.","volume":"44","author":"MI Pimentel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012210.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05129-y","article-title":"Identification of asymptomatic Leishmania infections: a scoping review.","volume":"15","author":"AV Ibarra-Meneses","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0012210.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0492","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0492-2022","article-title":"Montenegro skin test: Distracted by the promise of modernity?","volume":"56","author":"MM Barbeitas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop."},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012210.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009531","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009531","article-title":"A review of the leishmanin skin test: A neglected test for a neglected disease.","volume":"15","author":"J Carstens-Kass","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012210.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001947","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 production to Leishmania antigen supplements the Leishmania skin test in identifying exposure to L. braziliensis infection","volume":"6","author":"D Schnorr","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012210.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4642-7","article-title":"American tegumentary leishmaniasis diagnosis using L. (V.) braziliensis fixed promastigotes: a comparative performance of serological tests and spontaneous cure identification.","volume":"19","author":"APO Mendes","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012210.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822005000300004","article-title":"[American tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in military training area of Zona da Mata in Pernambuco].","volume":"38","author":"MS Andrade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012210.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90645-7","article-title":"Epizootiology of Chagas disease near a forest settlement in French Guiana","volume":"83","author":"D Julien-Laferri\u00e8re","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012210.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06104.x","article-title":"Cross-reactivity studies and differential serodiagnosis of human infections caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp; use of immunoblotting and ELISA with a purified antigen (Ag163B6).","volume":"97","author":"EL Malchiodi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012210.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(85)70126-0","article-title":"Lymph node involvement in leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"TG Berger","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012210.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.587","article-title":"Lymphadenopathy associated with Leishmania braziliensis cutaneous infection","volume":"47","author":"A Barral","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012210.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90233-3","article-title":"Haemoculture of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis from two cases of mucosal leishmaniasis: re- examination of haematogenous dissemination.","volume":"86","author":"JE Martinez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012210.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/75.3.435","article-title":"American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Culture of a Leishmania species from peripheral blood leukocytes","volume":"75","author":"JH Bowdre","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012210.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.014","article-title":"Haematogenous dissemination of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in human American tegumentary leishmaniasis.","volume":"100","author":"PO Camera","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012210.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.1.4.385-389.1994","article-title":"Presence of Leishmania braziliensis in blood samples from cured patients or at different stages of immunotherapy","volume":"1","author":"P Guevara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012210.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/fty025","article-title":"Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in tegumentary leishmaniasis.","volume":"76","author":"AF Borges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012210.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1086\/319249","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-13 is the predominant Th2 cytokine in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions and renders specific CD4+ T cells unresponsive to IL-12.","volume":"183","author":"E Bourreau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012210.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.339","article-title":"Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis induces low immunologic responsiveness in leishmaniasis patients from an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon Highland.","volume":"80","author":"NE Matta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012210.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00115110","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 release assays for the diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"R Diel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012210.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001042","article-title":"Interferon-gamma release assay (modified QuantiFERON) as a potential marker of infection for Leishmania donovani, a proof of concept study.","volume":"5","author":"K Gidwani","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012210.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001947","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 production to Leishmania antigen supplements the Leishmania skin test in identifying exposure to L. braziliensis infection","volume":"6","author":"D Schnorr","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012210.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.3.699","article-title":"Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniosis in Colombia: a longitudinal study of the natural history, prevalence, and clinical manifestations","volume":"168","author":"KA Weigle","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012210.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160138","article-title":"Asymptomatic infection with American cutaneous leishmaniasis: epidemiological and immunological studies","volume":"111","author":"FJ Andrade-Narvaez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0012210.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102229","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of asymptomatic leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"SB Mannan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012210.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13669","article-title":"Clinical and immunological evidence that low doses of pentavalent antimonials are effective in maintaining long-term cure of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis cutaneous lesions.","volume":"173","author":"R Vieira-Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T17:34:22Z","timestamp":1719423262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012210"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Valdir Sabbaga","family":"Amato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012210","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1935-2735"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}}}