{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:02:48Z","timestamp":1790434968545,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2018-R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018-R1A6A1A03025124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> surface glycoprotein 63 (GP63) is a major virulence factor involved in parasite escape and immune evasion. In this study, we generated virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic> GP63 using the baculovirus expression system. Mice were intramuscularly immunized with GP63-VLPs and challenged with <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic> promastigotes. GP63-VLP immunization elicited higher levels of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic> antigen-specific serum antibodies and enhanced splenic B cell, germinal center B cell, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell responses compared to unimmunized controls. GP63-VLPs inhibited the influx of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-\u03b3 and IL-6 in the livers, as well as thwarting the development of splenomegaly in immunized mice. Upon <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic> challenge infection, a drastic reduction in splenic parasite burden was observed in VLP-immunized mice. These results indicate that GP63-VLPs immunization conferred protection against <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic> challenge infection by inducing humoral and cellular immunity in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T17:22:52Z","timestamp":1718040172000},"page":"e0012229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vaccine efficacy induced by virus-like particles containing Leishmania donovani surface glycoprotein GP63"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Keon-Woong","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Back","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi-Deok","family":"Eom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-9339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fu-Shi","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012229.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.10.005","article-title":"New Strategies and Biomarkers for the Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"36","author":"AV Ibarra-Meneses","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0012229.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00228","article-title":"Biomarkers in Post-kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"EE Zijlstra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"10151","key":"pntd.0012229.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"S Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012229.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.06.012","article-title":"Phlebotomine sand flies and Leishmania parasites: friends or foes?","volume":"22","author":"S. 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