{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:10:58Z","timestamp":1787749858397,"version":"build-2784847793"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012277","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000}}],"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002943","name":"Departament d'Innovaci\u00f3, Universitats i Empresa, Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BP3, 801370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BP3, 801370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002943","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1141441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1141441"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Lihir Islands of Papua New Guinea, located in an area with high burden of malaria and hosting a large mining operation, offer a unique opportunity to study transmission. There, we investigated human and vector factors influencing malaria transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 2,914 individuals assessing malaria prevalence through rapid diagnostic tests (RDT), microscopy, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). A logistic regression analysis identified infection-associated factors.\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      species distribution, biting behaviours, and sporozoite carriage were assessed through human landing catches and larval surveys.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall malaria prevalence (any species) was 3.6% by RDT, 4.5% by microscopy, and 15.0% by qPCR.\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      accounted for 37.1% of infections,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      for 34.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      for 3.0%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>ovale<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.2%, and mixed infections for 24.5%. Prevalence (qPCR) varied across geographic areas, from 8.5% in the mine-impacted zone (MIZ) to 27.0% in the non-MIZ. Other factors independently associated with infection risk included cohabiting with an infected individual (aOR = 1.94, 95%CI: 1.56\u20132.42), and residing in traditional housing (aOR = 1.65, 95%CI: 1.21\u20132.25). Children had double the infection risk compared to adults, and the use of long-lasting insecticidal-treated nets did not decrease risk of infection.\n                      <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>punctulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the major vector in one of the four geographical areas; while\n                      <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>farauti<\/jats:italic>\n                      was predominant in the rest of them, both with an early biting behaviour but with different biting intensities by geographical area. Entomological inoculation rates ranged from 26.9 (95%CI: 12.3\u201345.2) infective bites per person-year in the MIZ to 441.3 (95%CI: 315.7\u2013572.1) in the non-MIZ.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malaria transmission and infection was lower in the MIZ compared to other areas. Measures focusing on at-risk groups, including vector-control and transmission interruption methods, could be taken into account by the mine and the healthcare authorities to reduce malaria burden outside the MIZ.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T16:03:48Z","timestamp":1735920228000},"page":"e0012277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Human and entomological determinants of malaria transmission in the Lihir Islands of Papua New Guinea: A cross-sectional 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