{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T22:57:15Z","timestamp":1783119435449,"version":"3.54.6"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012294","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000}}],"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union COMBAT project","award":["H2020-EU.3.2.1.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU.3.2.1.1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The scarcity of reliable devices for diagnosis of Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) presents a limitation to control of the disease. Existing high-sensitivity technologies such as PCR are costly, laborious, time-consuming, complex, and require skilled personnel. Hence, utilisation of most diagnostics for AAT is impracticable in rural areas, where the disease occurs. A more accessible point-of-care test (POCT) capable of detecting cryptic active infection, without relying on expensive equipment, would facilitate AAT detection. In turn, early management, would reduce disease incidence and severity. Today, several ongoing research projects aim at modifying complex immunoassays into POCTs. In this context, we report the development of an antigen (Ag) detection sandwich ELISA prototype for diagnosis of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>congolense<\/jats:italic> infections, which is comprised of nanobody (Nb) and monoclonal antibody (mAb) reagents.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The Nb474H used here, originated from a past study. Briefly, the Nb was engineered starting from mRNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes of an alpaca immunized with soluble lysate of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/jats:italic> (TC13). <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>congolense<\/jats:italic> glycosomal fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (<jats:italic>Tco<\/jats:italic>ALD) was discovered as the cognate Ag of Nb474H. In this study, splenocytes were harvested from a mouse immunized with recombinant <jats:italic>Tco<\/jats:italic>ALD and fused with NS01 cells to generate a hybridoma library. Random screening of the library on <jats:italic>Tco<\/jats:italic>ALD retrieved a lone binder, designated IgM8A2. Using Nb474H as Ag-capture reagent in combination with the IgM8A2 monoclonal antibody Ag-detection reagent resulted in a tool that effectively detects native <jats:italic>Tco<\/jats:italic>ALD released during infection by <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>congolense<\/jats:italic> parasites.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Hitherto, development of POCT for detection of active trypanosome infection is elusive. The Nanobody\/Monoclonal Antibody (Nb\/mAb) \u201chybrid\u201d sandwich technology offers prospects for exploration, using the unique specificity of Nb as a key determinant in Ag capturing, while using the versatility of monoclonal Ab to adapt to various detection conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T17:33:10Z","timestamp":1719855190000},"page":"e0012294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Nanobody\/Monoclonal Antibody \u201chybrid\u201d sandwich technology offers an improved immunoassay strategy for detection of African trypanosome 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