{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:29:00Z","timestamp":1791559740399,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012345","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000}}],"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81203604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81203604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The parasitic infection caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Taenia solium<\/jats:italic>\n                      represents a significant public health concern in developing countries. Larval invasion of body tissues leads to cysticercosis (CC), while central nervous system (CNS) involvement results in neurocysticercosis (NCC). Both conditions exhibit diverse clinical manifestations, and the potential impact of concomitant HIV infection especially prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa on peripheral and CNS immune responses remains poorly understood. This study aimed to identify the potential impact of HIV coinfection in CC and NCC patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A nested study within a cross-sectional analysis in two Tanzanian regions was performed and 234 participants (110 HIV+ and 124 HIV-) were tested for cysticercosis antibodies, antigens, CD4 counts and serum Th1 and Th2 cytokines via multiplex bead-based immunoassay. 127 cysticercosis seropositive individuals underwent cranial computed tomography (CCT) and clinical symptoms were assessed. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with cytokine modulation due to HIV in CC and NCC patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serologically, 18.8% tested positive for cysticercosis antibodies, with no significant difference HIV+ and HIV+. A significantly higher rate of cysticercosis antigen positivity was found in HIV+ individuals (43.6%) compared to HIV- (28.2%) (p = 0.016). CCT scans revealed that overall 10.3% had active brain cysts (NCC+). Our study found no significant changes in the overall cytokine profiles between HIV+ and HIV- participants coinfected CC and NCC, except for IL-5 which was elevated in HIV+ individuals with cysticercosis. Furthermore, HIV infection in general was associated with increased levels of pro-and some anti-inflammatory cytokines e.g. TNF-\u03b1, IL-8, and IFN-\u03b3. However, based on the interaction analyses, no cytokine changes were observed due to HIV in CC or NCC patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, while HIV infection itself significantly modulates levels of key cytokines such as TNF-\u03b1, IL-8, and IFN-\u03b3, it does not modulate any cytokine changes due to CC or NCC. This underscores the dominant influence of HIV on the immune system and highlights the importance of effective antiretroviral therapy in managing immune responses in individuals coinfected with HIV and CC\/NCC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T13:31:17Z","timestamp":1722605477000},"page":"e0012345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluating the modulation of peripheral immune profile in people living with HIV and (Neuro)cysticercosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4572-2447","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yakobo Leonard","family":"Lema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich Fabien","family":"Prodjinotho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Makasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary-Winnie A.","family":"Nanyaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew Martin","family":"Kilale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayoki","family":"Mfinanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Stelzle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Carabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Sylvia","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eligius F.","family":"Lyamuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard J.","family":"Ngowi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mkunde","family":"Chachage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Prazeres da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012345.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010870","article-title":"Characteristics of people with epilepsy and Neurocysticercosis in three eastern African countries\u2013A pooled analysis.","volume":"16","author":"D Stelzle","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012345.ref002","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: a review.","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"2012","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"pntd.0012345.ref003","first-page":"10","article-title":"Global research on cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis: A bibliometric analysis.","author":"G Gonzalez-Alcaide","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"pntd.0012345.ref004","first-page":"399","article-title":"A proposal to declare neurocysticercosis an international reportable disease","volume":"78","author":"G Rom\u00e1n","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0012345.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taac102","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac102","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and management of neurocysticercosis patients: a retrospective assessment of case reports from Europe.","volume":"30","author":"D Stelzle","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Travel Med."},{"key":"pntd.0012345.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70094-8","article-title":"Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis","volume":"13","author":"HH Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"pntd.0012345.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2007.12.001","article-title":"What triggers seizures in neurocysticercosis? 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