{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:46:30Z","timestamp":1780620390197,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012435","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000}}],"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011882","name":"College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study compared the clinical sensitivity and the time-to-result of an individual testing (IT) and a cascaded pooled testing approach (CPT; a positive test result in a pooled sample triggers examination of smaller-sized pools or individual samples) for assessing the prevalence and the intensity of <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection. We also compared the sensitivity of the CPT in detecting <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection when deploying urine filtration microscopy (UFM) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. urine reagent strips (URS), and testing 10 mL <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 15 mL of urine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Between October 2021 and April 2022, <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs were counted in urine samples collected from school-aged children living in the Afar and Gambella Regional States of Ethiopia. Urine samples were collected at baseline (n = 1,288), and one month after administration of praziquantel (n = 118). All urine samples were processed through both an IT and a CPT approach (pools of 5, 10, 20, and 40 individual samples), deploying UFM (10 mL) and URS (10 mL). In addition, 15 mL urine was processed through the CPT deploying UFM. At baseline, the prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection estimated when using UFM and deploying a CPT approach was significantly lower (17.3%) compared to an IT approach (31.5%). The clinical sensitivity of the CPT in detecting <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs was 51.7%. The sensitivity increased significantly as a function of increasing log transformed urine egg counts (UECs) of the individual samples (OR 2.71, 95%CI 1.63 \u2015 4.52). The sensitivity was comparable when the amount of urine examined was 10 mL (51.7%) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 15 ml (50.8%), and when UFM was used for testing <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. URS (51.5%). The mean log UECs estimated following the CPT approach was lower compared to the estimate by the IT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.001). UECs of the individual samples estimated using the IT and CPT approaches were moderately correlated (r = 0.59 when 10 mL and 15 mL urine was examined after pooling). CPT reduced the time needed for processing urine samples and testing for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection by 29% with UFM and by 27.7% with URS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>CPT based on UFM and URS techniques may help to rapidly identify areas with higher prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection (hotspots) in a population. However, the performance of this approach in estimating the prevalence of infection may be compromised, particularly in endemic areas with low intensity infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T19:51:20Z","timestamp":1724356280000},"page":"e0012435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical sensitivity and time-to-result of a cascaded pooled testing approach for assessing the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1537-6639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abraham","family":"Degarege","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Levecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohannes","family":"Negash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abebe","family":"Animut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berhanu","family":"Erko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012435.ref001","first-page":"e53933","article-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.","volume":"16","author":"J Ca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pntd.0012435.ref002","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases.","author":"WHO"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012435.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30475-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis in the post mass drug administration era","volume":"17","author":"F Mutapi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"26","key":"pntd.0012435.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812165","article-title":"Schistosomiasis\u2014Assessing Progress toward the 2020 and 2025 Global Goals","volume":"381","author":"AK Deol","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012435.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","volume":"4","author":"DP McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schistosomiasis. 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