{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:12:43Z","timestamp":1793661163602,"version":"4.5.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012436","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000}}],"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur of Guinea"},{"name":"IRD"},{"name":"ANR","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"ANR","award":["ANR-18-CE15-0012 TrypaDerm"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-CE15-0012 TrypaDerm"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The skin is an anatomical reservoir for African trypanosomes, yet the prevalence of extravascular parasite carriage in the population at risk of <jats:italic>gambiense<\/jats:italic> Human African Trypanosomiasis (gHAT) remains unclear. Here, we conducted a prospective observational cohort study in the HAT foci of Forecariah and Boffa, Republic of Guinea. Of the 18,916 subjects serologically screened for gHAT, 96 were enrolled into our study. At enrolment and follow-up visits, participants underwent a dermatological examination and had blood samples and superficial skin snip biopsies taken for examination by molecular and immuno-histological methods. In seropositive individuals, dermatological symptoms were significantly more frequent as compared to seronegative controls. <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic> DNA was detected in the blood of 67% of confirmed cases (22\/33) and 9% of unconfirmed seropositive individuals (3\/32). However, parasites were detected in the extravascular dermis of up to 71% of confirmed cases (25\/35) and 41% of unconfirmed seropositive individuals (13\/32) by PCR and\/or immuno-histochemistry. Six to twelve months after treatment, trypanosome detection in the skin dropped to 17% of confirmed cases (5\/30), whereas up to 25% of unconfirmed, hence untreated, seropositive individuals (4\/16) were still found positive. Dermal trypanosomes were observed in subjects from both transmission foci, however, the occurrence of pruritus and the PCR positivity rates were significantly higher in unconfirmed seropositive individuals in Forecariah. The lower sensitivity of superficial skin snip biopsies appeared critical for detecting trypanosomes in the basal dermis. These results are discussed in the context of the planned elimination of gHAT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T18:03:08Z","timestamp":1724090588000},"page":"e0012436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence of dermal trypanosomes in suspected and confirmed cases of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in Guinea"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alseny M\u2019mah","family":"Soumah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariame","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin Windingoudi","family":"Kabor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Sadissou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidou","family":"Ilboudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Travaill\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumou","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Tichit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Kabor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salimatou","family":"Boiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Crouzols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Marc Tsagmo","family":"Ngoune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A\u00efssata","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Jamonneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Mathieu","family":"Bart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bucheton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0671-8999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brice","family":"Rotureau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012436.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010047","article-title":"The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Achievements in relation to WHO road map targets for 2020.","volume":"16","author":"JR Franco","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012436.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.17716","article-title":"The skin is a significant but overlooked anatomical reservoir for vector-borne African trypanosomes.","volume":"5","author":"P Capewell","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012436.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1011220","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011220","article-title":"FLAgellum Member 8 modulates extravascular distribution of African trypanosomes.","volume":"19","author":"E Calvo-Alvarez","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012436.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa897","article-title":"Extravascular Dermal Trypanosomes in Suspected and Confirmed Cases of gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis","volume":"73","author":"M Camara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012436.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008","article-title":"Do Cryptic Reservoirs Threaten Gambiense-Sleeping Sickness Elimination?","volume":"34","author":"P B\u00fcscher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012436.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3000105","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000105","article-title":"Resolving the apparent transmission paradox of African sleeping sickness","volume":"17","author":"P Capewell","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012436.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02559.x","article-title":"A geographical approach to identify sleeping sickness risk factors in a mangrove ecosystem","volume":"15","author":"F Courtin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012436.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.05.007","article-title":"Diversity of response to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infections in the Forecariah mangrove focus (Guinea): perspectives for a better control of sleeping sickness.","volume":"13","author":"H Ilboudo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012436.ref009","first-page":"169","article-title":"A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T.","volume":"58","author":"E Magnus","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012436.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02546.x","article-title":"Sleeping sickness diagnosis: use of buffy coats improves the sensitivity of the mini anion exchange centrifugation test","volume":"15","author":"M Camara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012436.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90327-4","article-title":"Single centrifugation of cerebrospinal fluid in a sealed pasteur pipette for simple, rapid and sensitive detection of trypanosomes","volume":"94","author":"TW Miezan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012436.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e999","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00208-4","article-title":"Oral fexinidazole for stage 1 or early stage 2 African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a prospective, multicentre, open-label, cohort study","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012436.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00660-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of acoziborole in patients with human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"23","author":"VK Betu Kumeso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012436.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(95)00127-Z","article-title":"Evaluation of variant specific trypanolysis tests for serodiagnosis of human infections with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"60","author":"N Van Meirvenne","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012436.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4540","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.11.4540-4545.1993","article-title":"Organization of two invariant surface glycoproteins in the surface coat of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"61","author":"K Ziegelbauer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012436.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004441","article-title":"Illuminating the Prevalence of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. in Glossina Using LAMP as a Tool for Xenomonitoring.","volume":"10","author":"LJ Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012436.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.289","article-title":"Novel primer sequences for polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"67","author":"M Radwanska","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012436.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1403-y","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in endemic populations and travellers","volume":"31","author":"JA Blum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012436.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2003","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002003","article-title":"Syndromic algorithms for detection of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in South Sudan.","volume":"7","author":"JJ Palmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012436.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690220084016","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"131","author":"TW McGovern","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012436.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(70)90096-9","article-title":"The pathology of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"64","author":"LG Goodwin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012436.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2015.1027195","article-title":"How can molecular diagnostics contribute to the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"15","author":"P Buscher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012436.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01240.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of active population screening and treatment for sleeping sickness control in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"9","author":"J Robays","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012436.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011528","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011528","article-title":"Prevalence of blood and skin trypanosomes in domestic and wild fauna from two sleeping sickness foci","volume":"17","author":"EMK Magang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Southern Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012436.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008","article-title":"Do Cryptic Reservoirs Threaten Gambiense-Sleeping Sickness Elimination?","volume":"34","author":"Informal Expert Group on Gambiense HATR","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012436.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009367","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009367","article-title":"Modelling to explore the potential impact of asymptomatic human infections on transmission and dynamics of African sleeping sickness.","volume":"17","author":"M Aliee","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0012436.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104308","article-title":"SHERLOCK4HAT: A CRISPR-based tool kit for diagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis.","volume":"85","author":"N Sima","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012436.ref028","first-page":"e0258711","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy-number variations in the Trypanosoma brucei repeat (TBR) sequence can be used to enhance amplification and genotyping of Trypanozoon strains.","volume":"16","author":"N Van Reet","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoSPubMed Central PMCID"},{"key":"pntd.0012436.ref029","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis.","author":"P Buscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012436.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011985","article-title":"Conducting active screening for human African trypanosomiasis with rapid diagnostic tests: The Guinean experience (2016\u20132021).","volume":"18","author":"O Camara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plos Neglect Trop D."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012436","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012436","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T22:18:27Z","timestamp":1724969907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012436"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Engstler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012436","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012436","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]}}}