{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T14:29:27Z","timestamp":1783002567202,"version":"3.54.5"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012445","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000}}],"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Navamindradriraj University Research Fund","award":["\u0e27\u0e08.\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e18.113\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u0e27\u0e08.\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e18.113\/2564"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Opisthorchis-<\/jats:italic>like eggs are a public health problem in northern and northeastern Thailand. However, the genetic epidemiology and structure of these parasites in northern Thailand are unknown. Thus, this study investigated their population genetic structure using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (<jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (<jats:italic>nad1<\/jats:italic>) nucleotide sequences.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A study was conducted in the hill tribe regions of Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Internal transcribed spacer 2 polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to distinguish 205 positive feces samples for <jats:italic>Opisthorchis<\/jats:italic>-like eggs. The results showed that the prevalence of <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Haplorchis taichui<\/jats:italic> was 10.5% and 38.2%, respectively, and the co-infection rate was 37.2%. To determine the genetic structure of <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>taichui<\/jats:italic> using <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>nad1<\/jats:italic> genes, genetic analysis was performed using 30 randomly chosen fecal samples for <jats:italic>Opisthorchis<\/jats:italic>-like eggs. Pairwise <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub> analysis indicated that <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>taichui<\/jats:italic> displayed nonsignificant genetic differentiation within Chiang Mai Province and between interpopulations from different geographic areas. Moreover, within the intrapopulation in Chiang Mai Province, <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic> presented higher gene flow than <jats:italic>nad1<\/jats:italic> in <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic>, while <jats:italic>nad1<\/jats:italic> demonstrated higher gene flow than <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic> in <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>taichui<\/jats:italic>. The neutrality tests based on Fu\u2019s <jats:italic>Fs<\/jats:italic> indicated population expansion and selective sweep from bottleneck or hitchhiking in <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>taichui<\/jats:italic> populations, supported by haplotype network patterns. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>nad1<\/jats:italic> revealed the monophyly of <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>taichui<\/jats:italic> and genetic relationships with other isolates collected from Thailand, Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic (PDR), and Vietnam.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study investigated the molecular discrimination and genetic structure of <jats:italic>Opisthorchis<\/jats:italic>-like eggs in northern Thailand. The genetic information derived from this study could be associated with the background, molecular epidemiology, and disease severity of these parasites.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T18:20:07Z","timestamp":1724437207000},"page":"e0012445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Study of the population genetic structure of Opisthorchis-like eggs in northern Thailand using mitochondrial 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