{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:57:06Z","timestamp":1787021826522,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012460","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000}}],"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF","award":["2052363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2052363"]}]},{"name":"Arizona State University\u2019s Women and Philanthropy"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01CK000649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01CK000649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading mosquito-borne disease causing-pathogen in the United States. Concerningly, there are no prophylactics or drug treatments for WNV and public health programs rely heavily on vector control efforts to lessen disease incidence. Insecticides can be effective in reducing vector numbers if implemented strategically, but can diminish in efficacy and promote insecticide resistance otherwise. Vector control programs which employ mass-fogging applications of insecticides, often conduct these methods during the late-night hours, when diel temperatures are coldest, and without a-priori knowledge on daily mosquito activity patterns. This study\u2019s aims were to 1) quantify the effect of temperature on the toxicity of two conventional insecticides used in fogging applications (malathion and deltamethrin) to\n                    <jats:italic>Culex tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an important WNV vector, and 2) quantify the time of host-seeking of\n                    <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other local mosquito species in Maricopa County, Arizona. The temperature-toxicity relationship of insecticides was assessed using the WHO tube bioassay, and adult\n                    <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , collected as larvae, were exposed to three different insecticide doses at three temperature regimes (15, 25, and 35\u00b0C; 80% RH). Time of host-seeking was assessed using collection bottle rotators with encephalitis vector survey traps baited with dry ice, first at 3h intervals during a full day, followed by 1h intervals during the night-time. Malathion became less toxic at cooler temperatures at all doses, while deltamethrin was less toxic at cooler temperatures at the low dose. Regarding time of host-seeking,\n                    <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes vexans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were the most abundant vectors captured. During the 3-hour interval surveillance over a full day,\n                    <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    were most-active during post-midnight biting (00:00\u201306:00), accounting for 69.0% of all\n                    <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while pre-midnight biting (18:00\u201324:00) accounted for 30.0% of\n                    <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . During the 1-hour interval surveillance overnight,\n                    <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    were most-active during pre-midnight hours (18:00\u201324:00), accounting for 50.2% of\n                    <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    captures, while post-midnight biting (00:00\u201306:00) accounted for 49.8% of\n                    <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results suggest that programs employing large-scale applications of insecticidal fogging should consider temperature-toxicity relationships coupled with time of host-seeking data to maximize the efficacy of vector control interventions in reducing mosquito-borne disease burden.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T15:45:58Z","timestamp":1725032758000},"page":"e0012460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Temperature and time of host-seeking activity impact the efficacy of chemical control interventions targeting the West Nile virus vector, Culex tarsalis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Kalmouni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Will","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4837-2818","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Krijn P.","family":"Paaijmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector-borne diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43246-y","article-title":"Long-term surveillance defines spatial and temporal patterns implicating Culex tarsalis as the primary vector of West Nile virus.","volume":"9","author":"BM Dunphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-12","article-title":"West Nile virus: Biology, transmission, and human infection","volume":"25","author":"TM Colpitts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref004","author":"Vector Disease Control International","year":"2021","journal-title":"West Nile virus."},{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref005","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","journal-title":"West Nile virus"},{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7004a4","article-title":"Notes from the field: An outbreak of West Nile virus\u2014Arizona, 2019.","volume":"70","author":"I Ruberto","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref007","author":"CDC","year":"2022","journal-title":"West Nile virus disease cases by state 2021 West Nile virus CDC."},{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0963","article-title":"American Aedes vexans mosquitoes are competent vectors of Zika virus","volume":"96","author":"A Gendernalik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05924-9","article-title":"Distribution areas and monthly dynamic distribution changes of three Aedes species in China: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Aedes vexans.","volume":"16","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa049","article-title":"Horizontal and vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Aedes vexans (diptera: culicidae).","volume":"57","author":"JF Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12700","article-title":"Comparison of vector competence of Aedes vexans Green River and Culex pipiens biotype pipiens for West Nile virus lineages 1 and 2.","volume":"67","author":"E W\u00f6hnke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0012460.ref012","first-page":"4","article-title":"Yadav A, Mnzava M, Quinones Knox. 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