{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:57:07Z","timestamp":1787021827245,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012502","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000}}],"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111-2320-B-038-055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2320-B-038-055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012331","name":"LEO Fondet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LF-OC-20-000370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LF-OC-20-000370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics","award":["IDUN2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDUN2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection leads to chronic schistosomiasis and severe hepatic fibrosis. We designed a liver-targeted lipid nanoparticle (LNP) carrying siRNA against type I TGF-\u03b2 receptor (TGF\u03b2RI) mRNA to treat schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis in BALB\/c mice. Knockdown of TGF\u03b2RI by LNP-siTGF\u03b2RI reduced LX-2 cell activation\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and alleviated liver fibrosis in\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected mice.\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1SMA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Col1a1<\/jats:italic>\n                    fibrotic markers in the liver tissues of infected mice were significantly suppressed in the treatment groups. In the serum of the LNP-siTGF\u03b2RI-treated groups, cytokines IFN\u03b3, IL-1\u03b1, IL-6, IL-12, RANTES (CCL5), and TNF\u03b1 increased, while GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and KC (CXCL1) decreased compared to the control. Cell proportions were significantly altered in\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected mice, with increased CD56d NK cells and decreased CD19\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    B cells and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells compared to na\u00efve mice. Following LNP-siTGF\u03b2RI treatment, CD56d NK cells were downregulated, while B and memory Th cell populations were upregulated. The density of fibrotic regions significantly decreased with LNP-siTGF\u03b2RI treatment in a dose-dependent manner, and no systemic toxicity was observed in the major organs. This targeted siRNA delivery strategy effectively reduced granulomatous lesions in schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis without detectable side effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T13:42:02Z","timestamp":1726148522000},"page":"e0012502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development of a Lipid-encapsulated TGF\u03b2RI-siRNA Drug for Liver Fibrosis Induced by Schistosoma mansoni"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ying-Chou","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueh-Lun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-An","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin En-Te","family":"Hwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1172-2485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Po-Ching","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref001","article-title":"Chronic intestinal schistosomiasis caused by co-infection with Schistosoma intercalatum and Schistosoma mansoni","author":"P Ko\u0142odziej","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124900","article-title":"Emerging biomedical tools for biomarkers detection and diagnostics in schistosomiasis","volume":"265","author":"RRM Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012502.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00122-4","article-title":"The global status of schistosomiasis and its control","volume":"77","author":"L Chitsulo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"9541","key":"pntd.0012502.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"368","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-194","article-title":"A diagnostic challenge for Schistosomiasis japonica in China: consequences on praziquantel-based morbidity control","volume":"4","author":"YB Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012502.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(14)60239-2","article-title":"Katayama syndrome in patients with schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"S. Kapoor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.07.009","article-title":"The chronic enteropathogenic disease schistosomiasis","volume":"28","author":"DU Olveda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012502.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01157.x","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and liver fibrosis","volume":"31","author":"ZA Andrade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012502.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0606-4","article-title":"Cytokine patterns in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni infected mice treated with silymarin","volume":"40","author":"NM El-Sayed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of parasitic diseases: official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012502.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.009","article-title":"Cellular and chemokine-mediated regulation in schistosome-induced hepatic pathology","volume":"30","author":"C Chuah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012502.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri843","article-title":"The immunobiology of schistosomiasis","volume":"2","author":"EJ Pearce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00197.x","article-title":"The immunobiology of Th1 polarization in high-pathology schistosomiasis","volume":"201","author":"MJ Stadecker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012502.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01626-1","article-title":"Immunopathology of schistosomiasis mansoni in mice and men","volume":"21","author":"AW Cheever","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012502.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26073","article-title":"Soluble Egg Antigen Activates M2 Macrophages via the STAT6 and PI3K Pathways, and Schistosoma Japonicum Alternatively Activates Macrophage Polarization to Improve the Survival Rate of Septic Mice","volume":"118","author":"H Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"13","key":"pntd.0012502.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7216","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137216","article-title":"Immunological and Biochemical Interplay between Cytokines, Oxidative Stress and Schistosomiasis","volume":"22","author":"P Masamba","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012502.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785738","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2020.1785738","article-title":"Sja-miR-71a in Schistosome egg-derived extracellular vesicles suppresses liver fibrosis caused by schistosomiasis via targeting semaphorin 4D","volume":"9","author":"L Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012502.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2013.18.2.124","article-title":"Hepatic Fibrosis Inhibitory Effect of Peptides Isolated from Navicula incerta on TGF-\u03b21 Induced Activation of LX-2 Human Hepatic Stellate Cells","volume":"18","author":"K-H Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Preventive nutrition and food science"},{"issue":"2781","key":"pntd.0012502.ref018","article-title":"Host Regulators of Liver Fibrosis During Human Schistosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"SD Kamdem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012502.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88881","article-title":"Liver inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"127","author":"Y Koyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44612","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44612","article-title":"Effect of modulation of PPAR-\u03b3 activity on Kupffer cells M1\/M2 polarization in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"7","author":"W Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012502.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3866-0","article-title":"The role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis, grading and treatment of hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis","volume":"12","author":"Q Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012502.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9020054","article-title":"Combination Anthelmintic\/Antioxidant Activity Against Schistosoma Mansoni","volume":"9","author":"MJ Gouveia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012502.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.3.1945","article-title":"Host responses to Plasmodium yoelii hepatic stages: a paradigm in host-parasite interaction","volume":"166","author":"AO Lau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012502.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2006.05.014","article-title":"Parasites and immunoregulatory T cells","volume":"18","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00191.x","article-title":"Helminth parasites\u2014masters of regulation","volume":"201","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012502.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.07.002","article-title":"Alternatively activated macrophages in helminth infections","volume":"19","author":"T Kreider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012502.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.01.004","article-title":"Alternatively activated macrophages during parasite infections","volume":"20","author":"W No\u00ebl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012502.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.1-12.2004","article-title":"Regulation of granulomatous inflammation in experimental models of schistosomiasis","volume":"72","author":"AB Stavitsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012502.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(04)00107-4","article-title":"Alternative macrophage activation is essential for survival during schistosomiasis and downmodulates T helper 1 responses and immunopathology","volume":"20","author":"DR Herbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012502.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.00939.x","article-title":"Early responses associated with chronic pathology in murine schistosomiasis","volume":"29","author":"CB Cetre-Sossah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012502.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1086\/510313","article-title":"Th2 cytokines are associated with persistent hepatic fibrosis in human Schistosoma japonicum infection","volume":"195","author":"HM Coutinho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012502.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4948","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.7.4948","article-title":"IL-4R alpha expression by bone marrow-derived cells is necessary and sufficient for host protection against acute schistosomiasis","volume":"180","author":"DR Herbert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012502.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020524","article-title":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Pathogenesis and the Emerging Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs","volume":"21","author":"MR Hadjicharalambous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012502.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000105","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2015-000105","article-title":"Safety of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: integrated analysis of cumulative data from 5 clinical trials","volume":"3","author":"L Lancaster","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012502.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1159\/000445269","article-title":"New Developments on the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis","volume":"34","author":"Y Koyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012502.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-009-9620-3","article-title":"Inhibition of TGF-beta receptor I by siRNA suppresses the motility and invasiveness of T24 bladder cancer cells via modulation of integrins and matrix metalloproteinase","volume":"42","author":"Y Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.07.007","article-title":"siRNA- and miRNA-based therapeutics for liver fibrosis","volume":"214","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/112_2016_6","article-title":"Hepatic Stellate Cells in Liver Fibrosis and siRNA-Based Therapy","volume":"172","author":"R Omar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012502.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060590","article-title":"Targeting Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells Using Collagen-Binding Chitosan Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery to Fibrotic Livers","volume":"12","author":"M Azzam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012502.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2571-4","article-title":"Lipid-encapsulated siRNA for hepatocyte-directed treatment of advanced liver disease","volume":"11","author":"MM Woitok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012502.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6305","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02633","article-title":"Liver-Targeted siRNA Lipid Nanoparticles Treat Hepatic Cirrhosis by Dual Antifibrotic and Anti-inflammatory Activities","volume":"14","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012502.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100109","DOI":"10.1002\/anbr.202100109","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery","volume":"2","author":"L Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advanced NanoBiomed Research"},{"issue":"17","key":"pntd.0012502.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2008.60","article-title":"The size of endothelial fenestrae in human liver sinusoids: implications for hepatocyte-directed gene transfer","volume":"15","author":"E Wisse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gene Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012502.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.16.5","article-title":"The effect of nanoparticle size on in vivo pharmacokinetics and cellular interaction","volume":"11","author":"N Hoshyar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine (Lond)"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638192","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4638192","article-title":"The Dual Role of the Liver in Nanomedicine as an Actor in the Elimination of Nanostructures or a Therapeutic Target","volume":"2020","author":"L Baboci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012502.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TB01611D","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging and therapeutic application of nanoparticles targeting the liver","volume":"3","author":"H Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref047","first-page":"220","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","author":"National Research Council (U.S.)","year":"2011","edition":"8"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012502.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700376","article-title":"Nonoverlapping expression patterns of ALK1 and ALK5 reveal distinct roles of each receptor in vascular development","volume":"86","author":"T Seki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laboratory Investigation"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012502.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080209","article-title":"ALK1 Opposes ALK5\/Smad3 Signaling and Expression of Extracellular Matrix Components in Human Chondrocytes*","volume":"23","author":"KW Finnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012502.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902438R","article-title":"Upregulation of KSRP by miR-27b attenuates schistosomiasis-induced hepatic fibrosis by targeting TGF-\u03b21","volume":"34","author":"S Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Faseb j"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012502.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.84","article-title":"siRNA-targeting transforming growth factor-\u03b2 type I receptor reduces wound scarring and extracellular matrix deposition of scar tissue","volume":"134","author":"YW Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012502.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-020-00910-9","article-title":"Phase 1b\/2a study of galunisertib, a small molecule inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta receptor I, in combination with standard temozolomide-based radiochemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma","volume":"38","author":"A Wick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investigational New Drugs"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref053","first-page":"11","article-title":"MicroRNA-140-5p Mediates Renal Fibrosis Through TGF-\u03b21\/Smad Signaling Pathway by Directly Targeting TGFBR1","author":"W Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.04.002","article-title":"MicroRNA-10a\/b inhibit TGF-\u03b2\/Smad-induced renal fibrosis by targeting TGF-\u03b2; receptor 1 in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"28","author":"J Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Therapy\u2014Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2384-2-14","article-title":"Physiologic upper limits of pore size of different blood capillary types and another perspective on the dual pore theory of microvascular permeability","volume":"2","author":"H. Sarin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Angiogenes Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012502.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM01947J","article-title":"Illuminating endosomal escape of polymorphic lipid nanoparticles that boost mRNA delivery","volume":"9","author":"M Herrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2019.08.004","article-title":"Brief update on endocytosis of nanomedicines","volume":"144","author":"S Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.04.001","article-title":"Dependence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on cholesterol-rich lipid raft and endosomal acidification","volume":"19","author":"X Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114716","article-title":"Vactosertib, TGF-\u03b2 receptor I inhibitor, augments the sensitization of the anti-cancer activity of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer","volume":"162","author":"JE Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-126728","article-title":"Preclinical Studies and Phase I Trial of Vactosertib in Combination with Pomalidomide in Relapsed Multiple Myeloma: A Corticosteroid-Free Approach By Targeting TGF-\u03b2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"134","author":"E Malek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012502.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1798-6","article-title":"EW-7197 inhibits hepatic, renal, and pulmonary fibrosis by blocking TGF-\u03b2\/Smad and ROS signaling","volume":"72","author":"SA Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012502.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182023000021","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms involved in macrophage activation and polarization in schistosomiasis","volume":"150","author":"RC Carvalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00039","article-title":"Chronic schistosome infection leads to modulation of granuloma formation and systemic immune suppression","volume":"4","author":"SK Lundy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012502.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G891","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00193.2013","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 deficiency attenuates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a steatohepatitis model induced by a methionine- and choline-deficient high-fat diet","volume":"305","author":"X-Y Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012502.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24190","article-title":"Suppression of innate immunity (natural killer cell\/interferon-\u03b3) in the advanced stages of liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"53","author":"W-I Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012502.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.3.1471-1479.2006","article-title":"Interleukin-5 (IL-5) Augments the Progression of Liver Fibrosis by Regulating IL-13 Activity","volume":"74","author":"RM Reiman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012502.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.2.753","article-title":"Anti-IL-4 treatment of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice inhibits development of T cells and non-B, non-T cells expressing Th2 cytokines while decreasing egg-induced hepatic fibrosis","volume":"153","author":"AW Cheever","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012502.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3732-5","article-title":"Changes in NK and NKT cells in mesenteric lymph nodes after a Schistosoma japonicum infection","volume":"113","author":"X Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012502.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4674-x","article-title":"The characteristics of NK cells in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mouse spleens","volume":"114","author":"L Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012502.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5320-y","article-title":"Differential pulmonic NK and NKT cell responses in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice","volume":"116","author":"H Cha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012502.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010327","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010327","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infection induces plasmablast and plasma cell death in the bone marrow and accelerates the decline of host vaccine responses","volume":"18","author":"F Musaigwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012502.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.109","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes the activation of hepatic stellate cells in chronic schistosomiasis","volume":"95","author":"J Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035765","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1035765","article-title":"Pathology and molecular mechanisms of Schistosoma japonicum-associated liver fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Z Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012502.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.12.010","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 \u2013A truly transforming growth factor in fibrosis and immunity.","volume":"101","author":"M Lodyga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012502","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T13:36:57Z","timestamp":1727185017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012502"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jong-Yil","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012502","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]}}}