{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:32:51Z","timestamp":1792801971999,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) and Dugbe orthonairovirus (DUGV) are zoonotic viruses transmitted by ticks. Whereas CCHFV has caused numerous human cases, DUGV, although less reported, shares ticks and ruminants as hosts. Since its first discovery in Nigeria in 1964, there has been no detailed sero-epidemiological investigation on DUGV in sub-Saharan Africa. This study is aimed at assessing the current seroprevalence and associated risk factors of CCHFV and DUGV infections in Nigerian cattle. Using a cross-sectional design with random sampling method, blood samples were collected from 877 cattle on pastoralist farms and at abattoirs in Kwara State, North-Central Nigeria. CCHFV IgG antibodies were detected in extracted sera using three panels of in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on bacteria-expressed recombinant nucleoprotein (rNP), the cattle-adapted VectoCrimean ELISA and the ID Screen CCHF double antigen multi-species ELISA, while DUGV IgG antibodies were detected using in-house indirect ELISA with bacteria-expressed rNP, indirect immunofluorescence assay and micro-Virus Neutralization test. Overall seroprevalence rates of 71.9% (631\/877) and 52.8% (451\/854) were obtained for CCHFV and DUGV, respectively. It was observed that 37.9% (314\/829) of the cattle were co-exposed to both CCHFV and DUGV while 34.5% (286\/829), 14.8% (123\/829) and 12.8% (106\/829) were exposed to single infections with CCHFV, DUGV or none of the two viruses, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that only location, sex, age and tick infestation score were the risk factors that significantly affected CCHFV seroprevalence in cattle, while DUGV seroprevalence was significantly influenced by month of the year, location, cattle breed and sex (p&lt;0.05). This is the first comprehensive sero-epidemiological surveillance for DUGV in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings reveal widely distributed independent CCHFV and DUGV infections in cattle in Kwara State, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T20:01:21Z","timestamp":1729540881000},"page":"e0012539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Serological evidence of tick-borne Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and Dugbe orthonairovirus infections in cattle in Kwara State in northern Nigeria indicate independent endemics"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0653-0315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oluwafemi Babatunde","family":"Daodu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Hartlaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Olukayode","family":"Olopade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Oladimeji","family":"Oluwayelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-185X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin H.","family":"Groschup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref001","first-page":"123","article-title":"In Supplement to the Catalogue of Arthropod-borne viruses, No. 226","author":"OR Causey","year":"1970","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800052687","article-title":"Investigation of tick-borne viruses as pathogens of humans in South Africa and evidence of Dugbe virus infection in a patient with prolonged thrombocytopenia","author":"FJ Burt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref003","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Arbovirus catalog: DUGV 2020. Available from: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/arbocat\/VirusDetails.aspx?ID=135&SID=2."},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref004","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever. 2013. Fact Sheet No. 208. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs208\/en\/."},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3390\/v8060164","article-title":"Genomic Characterization of the Genus Nairovirus (Family Bunyaviridae)","volume":"8","author":"JH Kuhn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0917","article-title":"A Global Genomic Characterization of Nairoviruses Identifies Nine Discrete Genogroups with Distinctive Structural Characteristics and Host-Vector Associations","volume":"94","author":"PJ Walker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1940-z","article-title":"The molecular biology of nairoviruses, an emerging group of tick-borne arboviruses","volume":"159","author":"L Lasecka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06686-11","article-title":"Pathogen prevalence in ticks collected from the vegetation and livestock in Nigeria","volume":"78","author":"AL Reye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1504-7","article-title":"Tick-borne pathogens of zoonotic and veterinary importance in Nigerian cattle","volume":"9","author":"V Lorusso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref010","volume-title":"A guide to condition scoring of Zebu cattle","author":"MJ Nicholson","year":"1986"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0818","article-title":"Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Cattle, Mali, West Africa","volume":"96","author":"O Maiga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003519","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003519","article-title":"Circulation of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia revealed by screening of cattle sera using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"9","author":"M Mertens","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012539.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071398","article-title":"Cross-Reaction or Co-Infection? Serological Discrimination of Antibodies Directed against Dugbe and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Orthonairovirus in Nigerian Cattle","volume":"13","author":"J Hartlaub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref014","first-page":"331","article-title":"Antibodies to Dugbe virus in mammalian sera from Egypt","volume":"51","author":"MA Darwish","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Egypt Publ Health Assoc"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90468-X","article-title":"Seroprevalence of five arboviruses in Zebu cattle in the Central African Republic","volume":"90","author":"JM Guilherme","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.217","article-title":"Antibodies to hemorrhagic fever viruses in domestic livestock in Niger: Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"53","author":"JC Mariner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.190354","article-title":"Prevalence of Antibodies to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ruminants, Nigeria, 2015","volume":"26","author":"D Oluwayelu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009228","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibody prevalence in Mauritanian livestock (cattle, goats, sheep and camels) is stratified by the animal\u2019s age","volume":"15","author":"A Schulz","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012539.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009452","article-title":"Serologic and molecular evidence for circulation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks and cattle in Zambia","volume":"15","author":"M Kajihara","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.02.018","article-title":"Current status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region: issues, challenges, and future directions","volume":"58","author":"SS Al-Abri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref021","unstructured":"Bukbuk DN. Seroepidemiological vector and molecular studies on selected African viral haemorrhagic fevers in Borno State, Nigeria. PhD Thesis, University of Maiduguri. 2015."},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2084","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus-Specific Antibody Detection in Cattle in Mauritania","volume":"17","author":"MA Sas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0818","article-title":"Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Cattle, Mali, West Africa","volume":"96","author":"O Maiga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.120","article-title":"Epidemiologic and clinical features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Southern Africa","volume":"36","author":"R Swanepoel","year":"1987","journal-title":"American J Top Med Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref025","article-title":"Novel serological and molecular assays for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus infections and their application in prevalence studies on sub-saharan african countries. PQDT\u2014Global","author":"MA Sas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tieraerztliche Hochschule Hannover (Germany)"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110061","article-title":"Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Afghanistan, 2009","volume":"17","author":"ML Mustafa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref027","first-page":"325","article-title":"Serological survey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in cattle in Berat and Kolonje, Albania","author":"A Lugaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Albanian J Agric Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0958","article-title":"Seroepidemiological Survey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Among Sheep in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran","volume":"12","author":"E Mostafavi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1501\/Vetfak_0000002604","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever infection in domestic animals in Marmara region, Western Turkey","volume":"61","author":"P Tuncer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ankara \u00dcniv Vet Fak Derg"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0012539.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009905","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009905","article-title":"Molecular detection of dugbe orthonairovirus in cattle and their infesting ticks (Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)) in Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"OB Daodu","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012539.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S801","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_4.S801","article-title":"Antibody response in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"11","author":"AJ Shepherd","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.191154","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Humans and Livestock, Pakistan, 2015\u20132017","volume":"26","author":"A Zohaib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00426-5","article-title":"Forecasting habitat suitability for ticks and prevention of tick-borne diseases","volume":"98","author":"A. Estrada-Pena","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0012539.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.08.001","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"64","author":"CA Whitehouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T20:01:30Z","timestamp":1729540890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012539"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David","family":"Safronetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012539","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]}}}