{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:57:09Z","timestamp":1787021829636,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012581","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000}}],"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Phramongkutklao College of Medicine Research Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004156","name":"Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Leishmaniasis poses a significant health burden, particularly among immunocompromised patients. In Thailand,\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania martiniquensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    lacks information about the incidence and risk factors among HIV-infected populations. This longitudinal cohort study aimed to investigate the incidence and persistence of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection among HIV-infected individuals in an affected area, Trang Province, Southern Thailand. The study also identified risk factors associated with the incidence of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. The study enrolled 373 participants in the HIV clinic, Trang Hospital, who initially tested negative for\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection during 2015\u20132016, and 133 individuals initially tested positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Thus, follow-up visits of 506 participants occurred during 2018\u20132019. Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) and nested PCR (nPCR) identified incidents and persistent cases of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses were performed to assess risk factors for the incidence of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Among the initially negative group, 12 incident cases comprised one\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and 11 seropositive cases using DAT, resulting in a cumulative incidence of 3.2% and an incidence density of 10.38 per 1000 person-years. Increasing age was a significant predictor of the incidence of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Five persistent cases comprised one\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex and four seropositive cases using DAT in the initially positive group, with a cumulative persistence rate of 3.7% and a persistence density of 12.85 per 1000 person-years. All patients were asymptomatic. This study sheds light on the incidence and persistence of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection among HIV-infected individuals in Trang Province, Southern Thailand, underscoring the importance of continued monitoring and tailored interventions to mitigate the impact of this co-infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T13:29:07Z","timestamp":1728394147000},"page":"e0012581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Incidence and persistence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection among HIV-infected patients in Trang province, Southern Thailand: A cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lertwut","family":"Bualert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toon","family":"Ruang-areerate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathirut","family":"Mungthin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saovanee","family":"Leelayoova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suradej","family":"Siripattanapipong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tawee","family":"Naaglor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nattapong","family":"Hongsimakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supicha","family":"Sroythong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phakhajee","family":"Rattanalertpaiboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preeyaporn","family":"Tulpeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0166-7336","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phunlerd","family":"Piyaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012581.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0604","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Thailand: A Review of Causative Agents and Situations","volume":"96","author":"S Leelayoova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012581.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012581.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000226971.42622.4e","article-title":"Leishmania-HIV co-infection: an emerging problem in India","volume":"20","author":"NS Redhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012581.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007765","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in HIV-infected individuals in North-West Ethiopia: A pilot study","volume":"13","author":"J van Griensven","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012581.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009545","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009545","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand","volume":"15","author":"P Sriwongpan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012581.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0332","article-title":"Risk Factors of Leishmania Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in Trang Province, Southern Thailand: A Study on Three Prevalent Species","volume":"103","author":"S Charoensakulchai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012581.ref007","first-page":"e48","article-title":"Characterization of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in visceral leishmaniasis associated with hiv co-infection in Northeastern Brazil","volume":"59","author":"ECB Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012581.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)10021-1","article-title":"Leishmania and the pathogenesis of HIV infection","volume":"12","author":"M Tremblay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012581.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90238-4","article-title":"Miltefosine in a case of visceral leishmaniasis with HIV co-infection; and rising incidence of this disease in India","volume":"94","author":"CP Thakur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012581.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2816","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002816","article-title":"Leishmania-HIV co-infection: clinical presentation and outcomes in an urban area in Brazil","volume":"8","author":"GF Cota","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012581.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03591.x","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania donovani in a patient with advanced HIV infection","volume":"192","author":"SC Hume","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012581.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0707","article-title":"Autochthonous disseminated dermal and visceral leishmaniasis in an AIDS patient, southern Thailand, caused by Leishmania siamensis","volume":"86","author":"L Bualert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012581.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006095","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006095","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania infection in Trang Province, southern Thailand","volume":"11","author":"J Manomat","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012581.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.06.006","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania DNA in saliva among patients with HIV\/AIDS in Trang Province, southern Thailand","volume":"185","author":"N Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0012581.ref015","article-title":"Asymptomatic Leishmania Infection among Blood Donors in a Southern Province of Thailand","author":"P Piyaraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012581.ref016","article-title":"Leishmania Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in a Southern Province of Thailand: A Cross-Sectional Study","author":"C Jundang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012581.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0458-x","article-title":"Comparison of PCR methods for detection of Leishmania siamensis infection","volume":"7","author":"A Hitakarun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"7571","key":"pntd.0012581.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38917.503056.7C","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"333","author":"F Chappuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012581.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12415","article-title":"Comparison of Recombinant Proteins of Kinesin 39, Heat Shock Protein 70, Heat Shock Protein 83, and Glycoprotein 63 for Antibody Detection of Leishmania martiniquensis Infection","volume":"64","author":"S Siripattanapipong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012581.ref020","first-page":"8463097","article-title":"Incidence and Trends of Leishmaniasis and Its Risk Factors in Humera","volume":"2018","author":"D Gebremichael Tedla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Western Tigray. J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012581.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.762-767.2002","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients from Spain in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"40","author":"R de La Rosa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012581.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87641","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087641","article-title":"Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infection in India and Nepal","volume":"9","author":"A Picado","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0012581.ref023","unstructured":"(WHO) WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach. World Health Organization (WHO); 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012581.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05622-2","article-title":"Frequency of Leishmania spp. infection among HIV-infected patients living in an urban area in Brazil: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"MA Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012581.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90149-5","article-title":"A simple and economical direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"80","author":"AE Harith","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012581.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001284","article-title":"Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infections in high-endemic foci in India and Nepal: a prospective study","volume":"5","author":"B Ostyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012581.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008272","article-title":"Conversion of asymptomatic infection to symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis: A study of possible immunological markers","volume":"14","author":"VNR Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012581.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.015","article-title":"Incidence of Japanese encephalitis, visceral leishmaniasis and malaria before and after the Wenchuan earthquake, in China","volume":"128","author":"S Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012581.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000600014","article-title":"Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a divergent Leishmania of the Viannia subgenus\u2014a mini review","volume":"100","author":"JR Correa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0012581.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.108019","article-title":"Duplex qPCR for Leishmania species identification using lesion imprint on filter paper","volume":"219","author":"RCS Morais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012581.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18765-w","article-title":"Distance-based paper device using combined SYBR safe and gold nanoparticle probe LAMP assay to detect Leishmania among patients with HIV","volume":"12","author":"T Ruang-Areerate","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0012581.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2022.101791","article-title":"Identification of Leishmania species by next generation sequencing of hsp70 gene","volume":"61","author":"R Maia de Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012581.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.01.008","article-title":"High frequency of asymptomatic Leishmania spp. infection among HIV-infected patients living in endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"106","author":"M Orsini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012581.ref034","first-page":"136","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: hospital and population-based incidence, and asymptomatic infection. A disease that is still with us","volume":"27","author":"JB Bellido-Blasco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012581.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006803","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006803","article-title":"Age trends in asymptomatic and symptomatic Leishmania donovani infection in the Indian subcontinent: A review and analysis of data from diagnostic and epidemiological studies","volume":"12","author":"LAC Chapman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012581.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0562-3","article-title":"Age-influenced population kinetics and immunological responses of Leishmania donovani in hamsters","volume":"101","author":"N Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012581.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30536-4","article-title":"Impact of the visceral leishmaniasis elimination initiative on Leishmania donovani transmission in Nepal: a 10-year repeat survey","volume":"8","author":"K Cloots","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"22","key":"pntd.0012581.ref038","article-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection and associated risk factors, after an outbreak in the south-western Madrid region, Spain, 2015","volume":"24","author":"AV Ibarra-Meneses","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"pntd.0012581.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2017.03.003","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Iran: A GIS-based approach","volume":"21","author":"R Ramezankhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012581.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010718","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010718","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in HIV-infected individuals living within visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of Bihar, India","volume":"16","author":"R Mahajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012581.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200207010-00015","article-title":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) modifies the incidence and outcome of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"30","author":"C Tortajada","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012581","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T13:37:18Z","timestamp":1729258638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012581"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Valdir Sabbaga","family":"Amato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012581","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]}}}