{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T04:14:19Z","timestamp":1771560859050,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012615","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000}}],"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> was introduced from Africa to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade and remains a major public health problem in parts of South America and the Caribbean. This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of three <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> strains with different geographical origins\u2014from Liberia, Belo Horizonte and Puerto Rico. We demonstrated significant variation in virulence and host-parasite interactions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We investigated the phenotypic characteristics of the parasite and its eggs, as well as the immunopathologic effects on laboratory mouse organ systems.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our results show significant differences in worm morphology, worm burden, egg size, and pathologic organ changes between these strains. The Puerto Rican strain showed the highest virulence, as evidenced by marked liver and spleen changes and advanced liver fibrosis indicated by increased collagen content. In contrast, the strains from Liberia and Belo Horizonte had a less pathogenic profile with less liver fibrosis. We found further variations in granuloma formation, cytokine expression and T-cell dynamics, indicating different immune responses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study emphasizes the importance of considering intra-specific variations of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> for the development of targeted therapies and public health strategies. The different virulence patterns, host immune responses and organ pathologies observed in these strains provide important insights for future research and could inform region-specific interventions for schistosomiasis control.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T17:45:07Z","timestamp":1730137507000},"page":"e0012615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intra-specific variations in Schistosoma mansoni and their possible contribution to inconsistent virulence and diverse clinical outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tim A.","family":"Dannenhaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Winkelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Reinholdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Bischofsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Dvo\u0159\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph G.","family":"Grevelding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha","family":"L\u00f6bermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emil C.","family":"Reisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-0635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martina","family":"Sombetzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012615.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00221-3","article-title":"Review of 2022 WHO guidelines on the control and elimination of schistosomiasis","volume":"22","author":"NC Lo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012615.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","article-title":"Schistosomiasis.","volume":"4","author":"DP McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012615.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007951","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007951","article-title":"Schistosome migration in the definitive host.","volume":"14","author":"CS Nation","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012615.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.03.005","article-title":"Extended survival and reproductive potential of single-sex male and female Schistosoma japonicum within definitive hosts","volume":"51","author":"DB Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"9936","key":"pntd.0012615.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis.","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02492","article-title":"Schistosoma \"Eggs-Iting\" the Host: Granuloma Formation and Egg Excretion.","volume":"9","author":"C Schwartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012615.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010309","article-title":"Biomechanical interactions of Schistosoma mansoni eggs with vascular endothelial cells facilitate egg extravasation.","volume":"18","author":"YT Yeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012615.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.281","article-title":"Kinetics of egg production and egg excretion by Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum in mice infected with a single pair of worms","volume":"50","author":"AW Cheever","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012615.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.1-12.2004","article-title":"Regulation of granulomatous inflammation in experimental models of schistosomiasis","volume":"72","author":"AB Stavitsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00039","article-title":"Chronic schistosome infection leads to modulation of granuloma formation and systemic immune suppression.","volume":"4","author":"SK Lundy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.09.013","article-title":"Schistosomes, snails and climate change: Current trends and future expectations","volume":"190","author":"AS Stensgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012615.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00175-4","article-title":"Outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica (France): an epidemiological case study.","volume":"16","author":"J Boissier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012615.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2014.06.002","article-title":"Schistosomiasis control: praziquantel forever?","volume":"195","author":"D Cioli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012615.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003296","article-title":"The relationship between water, sanitation and schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"8","author":"JE Grimes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"26","key":"pntd.0012615.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812165","article-title":"Schistosomiasis\u2014Assessing Progress toward the 2020 and 2025 Global Goals","volume":"381","author":"AK Deol","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012615.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00081","article-title":"Perspective on Schistosomiasis Drug Discovery: Highlights from a Schistosomiasis Drug Discovery Workshop at Wellcome Collection, London, September 2022.","volume":"9","author":"N Caldwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012615.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)10029-6","article-title":"Schistosome resistance to praziquantel: Fact or artifact?","volume":"12","author":"PG Fallon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"issue":"9541","key":"pntd.0012615.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis.","volume":"368","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012615.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328318978f","article-title":"Praziquantel: mechanisms of action, resistance and new derivatives for schistosomiasis.","volume":"21","author":"MJ Doenhoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pntd.0012615.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000084092","article-title":"A study of the vector-parasite relationships in Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"41","author":"VS Files","year":"1951","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007703","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria: past history and future trends","volume":"123","author":"JA Morgan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012615.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16395","article-title":"Genomic analysis of a parasite invasion: Colonization of the Americas by the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"31","author":"RN Platt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"1460","key":"pntd.0012615.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1291","article-title":"Molecular evidence supports an african affinity of the neotropical freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria glabrata, say 1818, an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"267","author":"G Campbell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref024","unstructured":"https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/351856\/9789240041608-eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012615.ref025","first-page":"25","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: number of people treated worldwide in 2013.","volume":"90","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012615.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00204-0","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA sequences of human schistosomes: the current status","volume":"30","author":"TH Le","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012615.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(66)90004-6","article-title":"The infectivity and pathogenicity of geographical strains of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"60","author":"MF Saoud","year":"1966","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012615.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(67)90037-5","article-title":"A comparison of Puerto Rican, Brazilian, Egyptian and Tanzanian strains of Schistosoma mansoni in mice: penetration of cercariae, maturation of schistosomes and production of liver disease","volume":"61","author":"KS Warren","year":"1967","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012615.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008565","article-title":"Parasite and vertebrate host genetic heterogeneity determine the outcome of infection by Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"87","author":"R Nino Incani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012615.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(79)90102-4","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni: mice infected with different worm strains","volume":"48","author":"OO Kassim","year":"1979","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012615.ref031","first-page":"233","article-title":"Comparison of geographical strains of Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse","volume":"46","author":"LA Anderson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012615.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00935428","article-title":"The infection characteristics of a South African isolate of Schistosoma mansoni: a comparison with a Puerto Rican isolate in BALB\/c mice and Mastomys coucha","volume":"77","author":"SB Higgins-Opitz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012615.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.2307\/3284469","article-title":"Host-parasite relationships in infections with two Kenyan isolates of Schistosoma mansoni in NMRI mice","volume":"83","author":"FW Thiongo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012615.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02709.x","article-title":"Origin and diversification of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"14","author":"JA Morgan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012615.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(96)00169-5","article-title":"Some molecular insights into schistosome evolution","volume":"27","author":"D Rollinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012615.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.AME-0009-2019","article-title":"Population Structure and Dynamics of Helminthic Infection: Schistosomiasis.","volume":"7","author":"RE Blanton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00594","article-title":"Morphological Characteristics of Schistosoma mansoni PZQ-Resistant and -Susceptible Strains Are Different in Presence of Praziquantel.","volume":"7","author":"A Pinto-Almeida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012615.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.11.020","article-title":"24-nor-ursodeoxycholic acid ameliorates inflammatory response and liver fibrosis in a murine model of hepatic schistosomiasis","volume":"62","author":"M Sombetzki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1901s103","article-title":"Schistosomiasis.","volume":"103","author":"MS Tucker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012615.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06968-x","article-title":"Human serum activates the tegument of female schistosomes and supports recovery from Praziquantel","volume":"120","author":"F Winkelmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0635-3_5","article-title":"Collection of Excretory\/Secretory Products from Individual Developmental Stages of the Blood Fluke Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"2151","author":"A Leontovyc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012615.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00017946","article-title":"A comparison of the pathogenicity of two geographical strains of Schistosoma mansoni in rhesus monkeys.","volume":"42","author":"GS Nelson","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012615.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/15287397509529319","article-title":"Schistosomiasis as a worldwide problem: pathology","volume":"1","author":"F. von Lichtenberg","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012615.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri843","article-title":"The immunobiology of schistosomiasis","volume":"2","author":"EJ Pearce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref045","article-title":"Contribution of parasite and host genotype to immunopathology of schistosome infections.","author":"KS Jutzeler","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012615.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005595","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005595","article-title":"Single-sex infection with female Schistosoma mansoni cercariae mitigates hepatic fibrosis after secondary infection.","volume":"11","author":"N Koslowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00861","article-title":"Host Defense Versus Immunosuppression: Unisexual Infection With Male or Female Schistosoma mansoni Differentially Impacts the Immune Response Against Invading Cercariae.","volume":"9","author":"M Sombetzki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012615.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12121432","article-title":"Individually or as a Team-The Immunological Milieu in the Lung Caused by Migrating Single-Sex or Mixed-Sex Larvae of Schistosoma mansoni.","volume":"12","author":"M Bischofsberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125912","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1125912","article-title":"Unisexual infection with Schistosoma mansoni in mice has the potential to boost the immune response against eggs after challenge infection.","volume":"14","author":"C Reinholdt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012615.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-96R","article-title":"Killing of schistosomes by elastase and hydrogen peroxide: implications for leukocyte-mediated schistosome killing","volume":"89","author":"A Freudenstein-Dan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012615.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0341-9","article-title":"Induction and regulation of pathogenic Th17 cell responses in schistosomiasis","volume":"34","author":"BM Larkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012615.ref052","first-page":"55","article-title":"Association of Treg and TH17 Cytokines with HCV Pathogenesis and Liver Pathology.","volume":"26","author":"AA Elkhawaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012615.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.55133\/eji.290417","article-title":"Role of IL-17A in enhancing liver fibrosis induced by TGF-beta1 and IL-13 in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice","volume":"29","author":"MH Abd Allah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012615.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100014","article-title":"Immunopathology of schistosomiasis","volume":"85","author":"MS Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012615.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.1982","article-title":"CD8- dendritic cell activation status plays an integral role in influencing Th2 response development","volume":"167","author":"AS MacDonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012615.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.906","article-title":"Antigen presentation by CD1d contributes to the amplification of Th2 responses to Schistosoma mansoni glycoconjugates in mice","volume":"169","author":"C Faveeuw","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012615.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700021104","article-title":"Transcription factor T-bet regulates skin sclerosis through its function in innate immunity and via IL-13","volume":"104","author":"AO Aliprantis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012615.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.5.2585","article-title":"Schistosome infection of transgenic mice defines distinct and contrasting pathogenic roles for IL-4 and IL-13: IL-13 is a profibrotic agent","volume":"164","author":"PG Fallon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012615.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7325","article-title":"An IL-13 inhibitor blocks the development of hepatic fibrosis during a T-helper type 2-dominated inflammatory response","volume":"104","author":"MG Chiaramonte","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012615.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082462","article-title":"The major component in schistosome eggs responsible for conditioning dendritic cells for Th2 polarization is a T2 ribonuclease (omega-1).","volume":"206","author":"S Steinfelder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012615.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/130.5.515","article-title":"Induction of immunological hyporesponsiveness to granulomatous hypersensitivity in Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"130","author":"LM Hang","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012615.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761997000500024","article-title":"Differential regulation of granuloma size and hepatic fibrosis in schistosome infections","volume":"92","author":"AW Cheever","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012615.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401155","article-title":"T cell-derived IL-4\/IL-13 protects mice against fatal Schistosoma mansoni infection independently of basophils","volume":"193","author":"C Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012615.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.139.3.919","article-title":"In vivo T cell depletion regulates resistance and morbidity in murine schistosomiasis","volume":"139","author":"SM Phillips","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012615.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1998.00544.x","article-title":"Endogenous IL-10 regulates IFN-gamma and IL-5 cytokine production and the granulomatous response in Schistosomiasis mansoni-infected mice","volume":"94","author":"DL Boros","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012615.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.4.1850","article-title":"Th2 cells are required for the Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced granulomatous response","volume":"160","author":"MH Kaplan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012615.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/7.4.575","article-title":"Regulation of IFN-gamma mRNA production in murine natural killer cells","volume":"7","author":"JA Wilder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012615.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.01.013","article-title":"IFN-gamma-driven IDO production from macrophages protects IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice against lethality during Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"180","author":"R Rani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012615.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1994.tb05503.x","article-title":"Cross-regulatory role of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-4 and IL-10 in schistosome egg granuloma formation: in vivo regulation of Th activity and inflammation.","volume":"98","author":"SW Chensue","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012615.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.929","article-title":"Cytokine regulation of periportal fibrosis in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni: IFN-gamma is associated with protection against fibrosis and TNF-alpha with aggravation of disease","volume":"169","author":"S Henri","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"pntd.0012615.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005004","article-title":"A review of performance and pathogenicity of male and female Schistosoma mansoni during the life-cycle","volume":"119","author":"J Boissier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010932","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1010932","article-title":"A one-year unisexual Schistosoma mansoni infection causes pathologic organ alterations and persistent non-polarized T cell-mediated inflammation in mice","volume":"13","author":"M Sombetzki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0012615.ref073","volume-title":"Schistosomes: Development, Reproduction, and Host Relations.","author":"Paul F. Basch","year":"1991"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012615","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012615","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T18:50:19Z","timestamp":1731005419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012615"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Richard Stewart","family":"Bradbury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012615","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012615","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]}}}