{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:59:04Z","timestamp":1781348344517,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012621","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000}}],"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["734584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["734584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes threaten the health of millions of people worldwide. There is an urgent need for new tools for personal protection to ensure that vulnerable individuals are protected from infectious bites when outdoors. Here, we test the efficacy of wash-in and spray-on repellents against <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>. When applied as a treatment on clothing as well as skin, the novel repellent compound delta-undecalactone provided up to 100% protection initially, and over 50% bite prevention for more than 7 hours. Mathematical modelling indicated that if such a repellent, with 100% initial efficacy, were to be applied twice daily by 80% of the population, more than 30% of Zika virus infections could be averted in an outbreak scenario with a basic reproduction number R<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> = 2.2. In a less severe outbreak (R<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> = 1.6), the same repellent regimen could avert 96% of infections. If there was much lower uptake, with only 40% of people using the repellent twice per day, just 4% of Zika cases would be averted (outbreak R<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> = 2.2). Similar results were found in other scenarios tested for dengue and chikungunya outbreaks. Our model can be extrapolated to other repellents and guide future product development, and provides support to the concept that effective repellents that are used regularly and appropriately could be cost-effective interventions to prevent ill health from arboviral diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T18:41:53Z","timestamp":1734547313000},"page":"e0012621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The effectiveness of putative wearable repellent technologies to protect against mosquito biting and Aedes-borne diseases, and their economic impact"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6421-0881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert T.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Tytheridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Vegvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah R.","family":"Meredith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Pretorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Ant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.11.020","article-title":"The emergence of arthropod-borne viral diseases: A global prospective on dengue, chikungunya and zika fevers","volume":"166","author":"SV Mayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60572-9","article-title":"Dengue","volume":"385","author":"MG Guzman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref003","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Dengue\u2013the Region of the Americas. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2023-DON475."},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref004","volume-title":"Autochthonous vectorial transmission of dengue virus in mainland EU\/EEA, 2010-present","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2023"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.04.016","article-title":"Chikungunya: Evolutionary history and recent epidemic spread","volume":"120","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref006","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","journal-title":"WHO Director-General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee regarding clusters of microcephaly and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref007","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Yellow fever. 2023. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/yellow-fever."},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00016-0","article-title":"Yellow fever: An update","volume":"1","author":"TP Monath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref009","unstructured":"World Health Organization African Region. Yellow fever. 2023. Available at https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/health-topics\/yellow-fever."},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2012.05.008","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in the major dengue vectors Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti","volume":"104","author":"J Vontas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref011","volume-title":"Vector control: methods for use by individuals and communities","author":"JA Rozendaal","year":"1997"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2009.00007.x","article-title":"The role of the United States military in the development of vector control products, including insect repellents, insecticides, and bed nets","volume":"4","author":"LW Kitchen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0130","article-title":"Long-lasting permethrin-impregnated clothing protects against mosquito bites in outdoor workers","volume":"93","author":"B Londono-Renteria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007970","article-title":"An investigation into the knowledge, perceptions and role of personal protective technologies in Zika prevention in Colombia","volume":"14","author":"C Mendoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref015","first-page":"e050991","article-title":"Post-epidemic community knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of Zika virus and vector-control strategies in Brazil","volume":"12","author":"D Bancroft","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57448","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057448","article-title":"A mathematical model of chikungunya dynamics and control: the major epidemic on R\u00e9union Island","volume":"8","author":"L Yakob","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003308","article-title":"Natural, persistent oscillations in a spatial multi-strain disease system with application to dengue","volume":"9","author":"J Louren\u00e7o","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004726","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of Zika virus in island populations: a modelling analysis of the 2013\u201314 French Polynesia outbreak","volume":"10","author":"AJ Kucharski","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf9590","article-title":"Benefits and risks of the Sanofi-Pasteur dengue vaccine: Modeling optimal deployment","volume":"353","author":"NM Ferguson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy189","article-title":"Reassessing serosurvey-based estimates of the symptomatic proportion of Zika virus infections","volume":"188","author":"PK Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref021","unstructured":"The World Bank. Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)\u2014United States data. Available at https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?locations=US."},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003655","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003655","article-title":"A critical assessment of vector control for dengue prevention","volume":"9","author":"NL Achee","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2018.12.007","article-title":"Use of repellents by travellers: A randomised, quantitative analysis of applied dosage and an evaluation of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP)","volume":"28","author":"T Hasler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12053","article-title":"Mosquito bite-avoidance attitudes and behaviors in travelers at risk of malaria","volume":"21","author":"L Goodyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16847","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16847","article-title":"Factors influencing the use of topical repellents: implications for the effectiveness of malaria elimination strategies","volume":"5","author":"C Gryseels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-173","article-title":"Assessment of methods used to determine the safety of the topical insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)","volume":"7","author":"V Chen-Hussey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70664","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070664","article-title":"Can topical insect repellents reduce malaria? A cluster-randomised controlled trial of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in Lao PDR","volume":"8","author":"V Chen-Hussey","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01198.x","article-title":"DEET mosquito repellent provides personal protection against malaria: A household randomized trial in an Afghan refugee camp in Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"M Rowland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v6i0.20473","article-title":"Theoretical impact of insecticide impregnated school uniforms on dengue incidence in Thai children","volume":"6","author":"E Massad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2016.11665","article-title":"Development of an insect repellent spray for textile based on permethrin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules","volume":"16","author":"JC Forgearini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nanosci Nanotechnol"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4506-z","article-title":"Length of tick repellency depends on formulation of the repellent compound (icaridin = Saltidin): tests on Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes ricinus placed on hands and clothes","volume":"114","author":"F Abdel-Ghaffar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref032","unstructured":"The Good Scents Company Information System. Delta-undecalactone. 2021. Available at https:\/\/www.thegoodscentscompany.com\/data\/rw1009472.html."},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref033","unstructured":"Bibra. delta-Undecalactone toxicity report. 1989. Available at https:\/\/www.bibra-information.co.uk\/downloads\/toxicity-profile-for-delta-undecalactone-1989\/."},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12332","article-title":"Spatial repellency and other effects of transfluthrin and linalool on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","volume":"44","author":"JLT Estrada","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12168","article-title":"Effects of the spatial repellent metofluthrin on landing rates of outdoor biting anophelines in Cambodia, Southeast Asia","volume":"30","author":"JD Charlwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s13744-019-00739-9","article-title":"Spatial repellency caused by volatile pyrethroids is olfactory-mediated in the German cockroach Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"49","author":"E Bon\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neotrop Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000716","article-title":"A new classification system for the actions of IRS chemicals traditionally used for malaria control","volume":"2","author":"JP Grieco","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.06.010","article-title":"Bioassays to evaluate non-contact spatial repellency, contact irritancy, and acute toxicity of permethrin-treated clothing against nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks","volume":"8","author":"D Eisen L Rose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00630.x","article-title":"Lethal and behavioural effects of three synthetic repellents (DEET, IR3535 and KBR 3023) on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in laboratory assays","volume":"20","author":"S Licciardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz078","article-title":"Lemongrass and cinnamon bark: plant essential oil blend as a spatial repellent for mosquitoes in a field setting","volume":"56","author":"DAH Peach","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-119","article-title":"A push-pull system to reduce house entry of malaria mosquitoes","volume":"13","author":"DJ Menger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14020124","article-title":"Current and future repellent technologies: the potential of spatial repellents and their place in mosquito-borne disease control","volume":"14","author":"EJ Norris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref043","first-page":"CD015422","article-title":"Topical repellents for malaria prevention","volume":"8","author":"JC Gabald\u00f3n Figueira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.04.002","article-title":"Use of mosquito repellents to protect against Zika virus infection among pregnant women in Brazil","volume":"171","author":"VA Dantas Melo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.06.004","article-title":"The uncertainty surrounding the burden of post-acute consequences of dengue infection","volume":"35","author":"TM Hung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0012621.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.4.624","article-title":"Field evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellents and fumigants against the malaria vector Anopheles darlingi in Riberalta, Bolivian Amazon","volume":"44","author":"SJ Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012621","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012621","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T19:36:17Z","timestamp":1735846577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012621"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nigel","family":"Beebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012621","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012621","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]}}}