{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:09:00Z","timestamp":1767179340088,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012727","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000}}],"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UG1EY030833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG1EY030833"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trachoma programs use the indicator trachomatous inflammation-\u2014follicular (TF) to monitor indication for and response to treatment for trachoma at the district level. Alternative indicators, including serologic markers, are increasingly being evaluated for trachoma surveillance. We evaluated seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to the Pgp3 antigen in two districts in Maradi, Niger thought to have low TF prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were collected as part of the baseline assessment of the Azithromycin Reduction to Reach Elimination of Trachoma (ARRET) trial in September 2021. A random sample of 80 communities was selected from Mayahi and Guidan Roumdji districts, both of which had TF prevalence &lt;20% at their most recent trachoma impact survey in 2018. A random sample of 50 children per community was sampled. We collected field grades, conjunctival swabs for processing PCR for ocular\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and dried blood spots for serologic assessment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 3,994 children sampled in 80 communities, 49% were female and median age was 4 years. Overall TF prevalence was 4.6% (95% CI 3.5 to 5.8%) and trachomatous inflammation\u2014intense (TI) prevalence was 0.6% (95% 0.3 to 0.9%). The prevalence of ocular chlamydia was 0.03% (95% CI 0.08%). Seroprevalence for Pgp3 antibodies was 6.3% (95% CI 5.5 to 7.1%) in 1\u20139-year-olds and 3.7% (95% CI 2.9 to 4.4%) in 1\u20135-year-olds. TF and Pgp3 seroprevalence were better correlated in 1\u20135-year-olds (correlation coefficient 0.29) compared to 1\u20139-year-olds (correlation coefficient 0.09).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this low trachoma prevalence setting in Niger, seroprevalence of antibodies to Pgp3 were consistent with little ongoing transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T13:40:38Z","timestamp":1733751638000},"page":"e0012727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroepidemiology of trachoma in a low prevalence region receiving annual mass azithromycin distribution in Maradi, Niger"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Abdou","family":"Amza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boubacar","family":"Kadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beido","family":"Nassirou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Arzika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Gebreegziabher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YuHeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karana","family":"Wickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuy","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin F.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0763-399X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Oldenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00359-5","article-title":"Trachoma","volume":"8","author":"AW Solomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003555","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003555","article-title":"Serology for Trachoma Surveillance after Cessation of Mass Drug Administration.","volume":"9","author":"DL Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005616","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005616","article-title":"Measuring changes in transmission of neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and enteric pathogens from quantitative antibody levels.","volume":"11","author":"BF Arnold","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01776-4","article-title":"Azithromycin Reduction to Reach Elimination of Trachoma (ARRET): study protocol for a cluster randomized trial of stopping mass azithromycin distribution for trachoma.","volume":"21","author":"A Amza","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01776-4","article-title":"Azithromycin Reduction to Reach Elimination of Trachoma (ARRET): study protocol for a cluster randomized trial of stopping mass azithromycin distribution for trachoma.","volume":"21","author":"A Amza","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2023.2249546","article-title":"Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys.","volume":"30","author":"EM Harding-Esch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2014.884600","article-title":"Estimating Community Prevalence of Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection using Pooled Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing.","volume":"21","author":"KJ Ray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Community-level chlamydial serology for assessing trachoma elimination in trachoma-endemic Niger.","volume":"13","author":"JS Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005230","article-title":"Defining Seropositivity Thresholds for Use in Trachoma Elimination Studies.","volume":"11","author":"SJ Migchelsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref010","first-page":"469","article-title":"Modelling forces of infection by using monotone local polynomials","volume":"52","author":"Z Shkedy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl Statist"},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00985261","article-title":"Generalizations of Current Status Data with Applications.","volume":"1","author":"NP Jewell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lifetime Data Anal."},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45594","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.45594","article-title":"Enteropathogen antibody dynamics and force of infection among children in low- resource settings.","volume":"8","author":"BF Arnold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38940-5","article-title":"Monitoring transmission intensity of trachoma with serology.","volume":"14","author":"C Tedijanto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref014","article-title":"Seroreversion to Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 Antigen Among Children in a Hyperendemic Region of Amhara, Ethiopia","author":"C Tedijanto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012727.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011986","article-title":"Wait and watch: A trachoma surveillance strategy from Amhara region, Ethiopia.","volume":"18","author":"E Sata","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012727","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012727","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T13:58:59Z","timestamp":1734616739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012727"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Elsio A.","family":"Wunder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012727","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]}}}