{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:28:45Z","timestamp":1788935325077,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2302001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2302001"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC2305901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2305901"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2019\u2013I2M\u20135\u2013049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\u2013I2M\u20135\u2013049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Tick-borne infectious diseases caused by the spotted fever group <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> (SFGR) have continuously emerging, with many previously unidentified SFGR species reported. The prevalence of SFGRs in northwestern China remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of SFGRs and <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> species by analyzing tick samples collected from the Ningxia region.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During 2022\u20132023, ticks were collected from Ningxia, northwestern China, and screened using PCR to amplify target genes (16S rRNA, <jats:italic>gltA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>groEL<\/jats:italic>). The amplicons were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Single-gene sequences and concatenated sequences were used to infer phylogenetic relationships for identifying <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Out of the 425 DNA samples, a total of 210 samples tested positive for SFGRs in ticks from Ningxia, China, with a relatively high positive rate of 49.4% (210\/425). Eight spotted fever group rickettsiae and one <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> species were identified and characterized, including <jats:italic>Rickettsia raoultii<\/jats:italic> (102, 24.0%), <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeschlimannii<\/jats:italic> (65, 15.3%), <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sibirica<\/jats:italic> (12, 2.8%), <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>slovaca<\/jats:italic> (4, 0.9%), <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>heilongjiangensis<\/jats:italic> (1, 0.2%), <jats:italic>Cadidatus<\/jats:italic> Rickettsia hongyuanensis (4, 0.9%), <jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>. R. jingxinensis (11, 2.6%), <jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>. R. vulgarisii (11, 2.6%) and <jats:italic>Anaplasma ovis<\/jats:italic> (98, 23.1%). The positive rate of bacterial species ranged from 0.2% to 24.0%. Interestingly, one novel <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> species, provisionally named \u201c<jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic> Rickettsia vulgarisii\u201d, was detected in <jats:italic>Argas<\/jats:italic> ticks from Zhongwei city, which suggests the possibility of local transmission to other areas through birds. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA, <jats:italic>gltA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>17kDa<\/jats:italic> genes indicated that it was divergent from all known SFG <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> species but mostly related to <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vini<\/jats:italic>. Different SFGR species were associated with specific tick species or genera. In addition, <jats:italic>Anaplasma ovi<\/jats:italic>s was detected in two <jats:italic>Dermacentor<\/jats:italic> species, and co-infection with SFGRs was observed in 14.6% (62\/425) of samples.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study describes the prevalence and diversity of SFGRs in ticks from Ningxia for the first time by direct detection, reveals that <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> diversity related to tick species. This data suggests that surveillance for tick-borne SFGR infections among human populations should be enhanced in this region, and further investigations on their pathogenicity to humans and domestic animals are still needed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T18:55:23Z","timestamp":1735844123000},"page":"e0012729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The first direct detection of spotted fever group Rickettsia spp. diversity in ticks from Ningxia, northwestern China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2046-3278","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wen-Jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Run-Ze","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ying","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bai-Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe-Tao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dai-Yun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Qiang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Fu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ming","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5090-2251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wu-Chun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012729.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12101258","article-title":"Perception of ticks and tick-borne diseases worldwide","volume":"12","author":"J de la Fuente","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012729.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49059-3","article-title":"Epidemiology and diversity of rickettsiales bacteria in humans and animals in Jiangsu and Jiangxi provinces, China","volume":"9","author":"M Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012729.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02538-6","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii is widespread in ticks (Ixodidae) in the Xinjiang areas of China","volume":"16","author":"J Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012729.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.05.016","article-title":"The ecology of ticks and epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases","volume":"108","author":"A. 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