{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:48:37Z","timestamp":1791895717974,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2600200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2600200"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2305500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305500"]}]},{"name":"General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82172299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172299"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["2022CFA068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFA068"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Public Health Youth Talents Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites, continues to pose global health challenges. Current treatments face issues like resistance, safety, efficacy, and cost. This review covers the discovery, mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and limitations of key antileishmanial agents: pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine, paromomycin, and pentamidine. Despite toxicity and resistance (antimonials), hospitalization needs and side effects (amphotericin B), regional efficacy variability (miltefosine), inconsistent outcomes (paromomycin), and severe side effects (pentamidine), these drugs are vital. Novel strategies to overcome the deficiencies of current therapies are highlighted, including combination regimens, advanced drug delivery systems, and immunomodulatory approaches. Comprehensive and cooperative efforts are crucial to fully realize the potential of advancements in antileishmanial pharmacotherapy and to reduce the unacceptable worldwide burden imposed by this neglected disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T13:24:07Z","timestamp":1735910647000},"page":"e0012735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Progress in antileishmanial drugs: Mechanisms, challenges, and prospects"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Haoran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengtao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaijie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1963-839X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012735.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"S Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0012735.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006571","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006571","article-title":"Combining epidemiology with basic biology of sand flies, parasites, and hosts to inform leishmaniasis transmission dynamics and control","volume":"13","author":"O Courtenay","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0012735.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.011","article-title":"Leishmania\u2013macrophage interactions: Insights into the redox biology","volume":"51","author":"T Van Assche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"pntd.0012735.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10369","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400552x","article-title":"Fruitful Decade for Antileishmanial Compounds from 2002 to Late 2011","volume":"114","author":"H Hussain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0012735.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012735.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1086\/318121","article-title":"Failure of Pentavalent Antimony in Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: Report from the Center of the Indian Epidemic","volume":"31","author":"S Sundar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012735.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70296-6","article-title":"Treatment options for visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review of clinical studies done in India, 1980\u20132004","volume":"5","author":"PL Olliaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012735.ref008","first-page":"692","article-title":"In vitro Studies of the Effect of Amphotericin B in Leishmania brasiliensis","volume":"10","author":"TA Furtado","year":"1960","journal-title":"Antibiot Amp Chemother"},{"key":"pntd.0012735.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(63)90183-4","article-title":"Treatment of kala-azar with amphotericin B","volume":"57","author":"A. 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