{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:15:27Z","timestamp":1790864127718,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government-wide R&D Fund project for infectious disease research (GFID), Republic of Korea","award":["HG18C0046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HG18C0046"]}]},{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (GEIS) Branch","award":["ProMIS ID P0016_21_ME"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ProMIS ID P0016_21_ME"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of reported malaria cases transmitted by <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes in the Republic of Korea (ROK) increased from 420 in 2022 to 746 in 2023, a 77.6% increase. Eight <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species are currently reported in the ROK, including six species belonging to the <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> Hyrcanus Group and one species each belonging to the Barbirostris Group and Lindesayi Group. However, studies on insecticide resistance in the ROK has predominantly concentrated on <jats:italic>Anopheles sinensis<\/jats:italic> or more broadly, members of the Hyrcanus Group. Reported differences in vector competence and ecological characteristics of mosquito species in the ROK highlight the importance for conducting accurate evaluations of insecticide resistance for each of the <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species for informing the potential efficacy of vector control to reduce malaria transmission. All eight species of <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes were collected in\/near the demilitarized zone (DMZ), a malaria high-risk region in the ROK. Additional specimens were collected in Seoul [Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG)] and Pyeongtaek (Humphreys USAG) where malaria risks are much lower. <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes were identified to species using a multiplex PCR method and then evaluated for the presence of acetylcholinesterase-1 (<jats:italic>ace-1<\/jats:italic>) and voltage-gated sodium channel (<jats:italic>vgsc<\/jats:italic>) regions to identify mutations linked to insecticide resistance. Analysis of the <jats:italic>ace-1<\/jats:italic> region identified insecticide resistance alleles in four species of the Hyrcanus Group (<jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>kleini<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>belenrae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pullus<\/jats:italic>), while <jats:italic>ace-1<\/jats:italic> resistance alleles were not observed in the other four species. The screening of the <jats:italic>vgsc<\/jats:italic> gene fragment confirmed the presence of resistant alleles only in <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic> (considered a poor malaria vector) and <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>kleini<\/jats:italic> (a primary malaria vector) in the ROK. This study represents a preliminary investigation of insecticide resistance mutations across all <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species in the ROK. These findings are crucial in advancing mosquito control strategies to mitigate future malaria infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T18:23:01Z","timestamp":1736274181000},"page":"e0012748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Insecticide resistance mutations of Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6624-9824","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiseung","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heung Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry A.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hojong","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9274-3957","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kwang Shik","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012748.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2018.56.6.531","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of re-emerging vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea (1993\u20132017)","volume":"56","author":"YY Bahk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref002","unstructured":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), 2023. Malaria management guideline. https:\/\/kdca.go.kr\/board\/board.es?mid=a20507020000&bid=0019&act=view&list_no=721868&tag=&nPage=1."},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref003","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), 2021. Global technical strategy for malaria 2016\u20132030. 2021 update. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240031357."},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref004","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), 2023. WHO malaria report 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report-2023."},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref005","unstructured":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), 2024. Infectious disease statistics. https:\/\/dportal.kdca.go.kr\/pot\/is\/summary.do."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5967.2003.tb00047.x","article-title":"Taxonomic review and revised keys of the Korean mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"33","author":"H-I Ree","year":"2003","journal-title":"Entomol. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.941.1.1","article-title":"Two new species of Anopheles (Anopheles) Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of South Korea","volume":"941","author":"LM Rueda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-42","article-title":"The susceptibility of Anopheles lesteri to infection with Korean strain of Plasmodium vivax","volume":"8","author":"D Joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012748.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.2987\/10-6086.1","article-title":"Preliminary vivax malaria vector competence for three members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group in the Republic of Korea","volume":"27","author":"D Joshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012748.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw109","article-title":"Vector competence of Anopheles kleini and Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea to vivax malaria-infected blood from patients from Thailand","volume":"53","author":"R Ubalee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012748.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab226","article-title":"Vector competence and the susceptibility of Anopheles pullus and Anopheles belenrae to Plasmodium vivax-infected blood from Thai patients","volume":"59","author":"R Ubalee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-450","article-title":"Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids\u2013a review","volume":"7","author":"APB Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vector"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref013","volume-title":"Insect resistance management: biology, economics, and prediction","author":"DW Onstad","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2004.00452.x","article-title":"The unique mutation in ace-1 giving high insecticide resistance is easily detectable in mosquito vectors","volume":"13","author":"M Weill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012748.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9063(199910)55:10<1012::AID-PS39>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Voltage-dependent Na+ channels in pyrethroid-resistant Culex pipiens L mosquitoes","volume":"55","author":"D Martinez-Torres","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pestic. Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012748.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.12.001","article-title":"Identification, Validation, and application of molecular diagnostics for insecticide resistance in malaria vectors","volume":"32","author":"MJ Donnelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012748.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1998.72062.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae S.S","volume":"7","author":"D Martinez-Torres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012748.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2000.00209.x","article-title":"Identification of a point mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Kenyan Anopheles gambiae associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids","volume":"9","author":"H Ranson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Insect Mo. Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012748.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060878","article-title":"Assessing the effects of Aedes aegypti kdr mutations on pyrethroid resistance and its fitness cost","volume":"8","author":"LP Brito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1931-5","article-title":"First report of L1014F-kdr mutation in Culex pipiens complex from Morocco","volume":"9","author":"M Bkhache","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vector"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3423-x","article-title":"Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations within seventeen field populations of Aedes albopictus from Beijing China: first report of a novel V1016G mutation and evolutionary origins of kdr haplotypes","volume":"12","author":"X Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vector"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05192-z","article-title":"Knockdown resistance (kdr) gene of Aedes aegypti in Malaysia with the discovery of a novel regional specific point mutation A1007G","volume":"15","author":"MAM Akhir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vector"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100117","article-title":"Widespread occurrence of copy number variants and fixation of pyrethroid target site resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from southern C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"3","author":"RMA Kouam\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Parasitol. Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012748.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S1226-8615(08)60317-9","article-title":"Frequency detection of organophosphate resistance allele in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) populations by real-time PCR amplification of specific allele (rtPASA).","volume":"9","author":"JH Baek","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Asia Pac. Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2006.06.009","article-title":"Frequency detection of pyrethroid resistance allele in Anopheles sinensis populations by real-time PCR amplification of specific allele (rtPASA)","volume":"87","author":"H Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-151","article-title":"The polymorphism and the geographical distribution of the knockdown resistance (kdr) of Anopheles sinensis in the Republic of Korea.","volume":"11","author":"S Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.7585\/kjps.2016.20.4.286","article-title":"Analysis of pyrethroid resistance allele in malaria vector Anopheles sinensis from malaria high-risk area","volume":"20","author":"K Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Korean J. Pesic. Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2019.12.005","article-title":"Regional and seasonal detection of resistance mutation frequencies in field populations of Anopheles Hyrcanus Group and Culex pipiens complex in Korea","volume":"164","author":"DE Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012748.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2020.58.5.543","article-title":"Monitoring insecticide resistance and target site mutations of L1014 kdr And G119 ace alleles in five mosquito populations in Korea","volume":"58","author":"SH Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04821-x","article-title":"Identification of breeding habitats and kdr mutations in Anopheles spp. in South Korea","volume":"22","author":"H Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012748.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02835.x","article-title":"Multiplex assay to identify Korean vectors of malaria","volume":"10","author":"D Joshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03808-w","article-title":"Multiplex PCR assay for the identification of eight species belonging to the Hyrcanus, Barbirostris and Lindesayi groups","volume":"20","author":"WJ Bang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-154","article-title":"PCR-based methods for the detection of L1014 kdr mutation in Anopheles culicifacies sensu lato","volume":"8","author":"OP Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012748.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11681","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011681","article-title":"Molecular ecology of pyrethroid knockdown resistance in Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes","volume":"5","author":"L Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04193-0","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for simultaneous genotyping of kdr mutations V410L, V1016I and F1534C in Aedes aegypti (L.)","volume":"13","author":"K Villanueva-Segura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vector"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49536-w","article-title":"Analysis of geometric morphometrics and molecular phylogeny for Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea","volume":"13","author":"J Jeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-92","article-title":"Insecticide resistance of Anopheles sinensis and An. vagus in Hainan Island, a malaria-endemic area of China","volume":"7","author":"Q Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vector"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref038","volume-title":"BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series","author":"TA Hall","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04662-0","article-title":"A survey of insecticide resistance-conferring mutations in multiple targets in Anopheles sinensis populations across Sichuan, China","volume":"14","author":"WP Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vector"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2018.04.005","article-title":"Copy number variation (CNV) and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: evolving knowledge or an evolving problem?","volume":"27","author":"D Weetman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012748.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573","article-title":"Genepop (Version-1.2)\u2014Population-genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism","volume":"86","author":"M Raymond","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hered"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.x","article-title":"Genepop\u2019007: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux","volume":"8","author":"F. Rousset","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012748.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0123","article-title":"Short report: natural hybrid between Anopheles kleini and Anopheles sinensis","volume":"81","author":"D Joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-36","article-title":"Evidence to support natural hybridization between Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles kleini (Diptera: Culicidae): possibly a significant mechanism for gene introgression in sympatric populations","volume":"7","author":"W Choochote","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vector"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012748.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0336","article-title":"Geographic distribution and ecology of potential malaria vectors in the Republic of Korea","volume":"46","author":"DH Foley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2987\/08-5781.1","article-title":"Overwintering of Anopheles lindesayi japonicus larvae in the Republic of Korea","volume":"25","author":"HC Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosquito Control Assoc"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-55","article-title":"Species composition, larval habitats, seasonal occurrence and distribution of potential malaria vectors and associated species of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea","volume":"9","author":"LM Rueda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0755","article-title":"Mosquito species composition and Plasmodium vivax infection rates for Korean army bases near the demilitarized zone in the Republic of Korea, 2011","volume":"88","author":"DH Yoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1301-y","article-title":"Distribution of malaria vectors and incidence of vivax malaria at Korean army installations near the demilitarized zone, Republic of Korea","volume":"15","author":"KS Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012748.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjac086","article-title":"Species diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes and Plasmodium vivax infection rates, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea during 2020","volume":"59","author":"SY Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.10.040","article-title":"Mutations of acetylcholinesterase which confer insecticide resistance in insect populations","volume":"157","author":"D. Fournier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012748.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.06.004","article-title":"Presence of insensitive acetylcholinesterase in wild populations of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus from Benin","volume":"107","author":"L Djogb\u00e9nou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-404","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1) target site mutation 119S is strongly diagnostic of carbamate and organophosphate resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles coluzzii across southern Ghana","volume":"12","author":"J Essandoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1000-0","article-title":"Distribution and frequency of G119S mutation in ace-1 gene within Anopheles sinensis populations from Guangxi, China","volume":"14","author":"XY Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012748.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05796-z","article-title":"Insecticide resistance of Anopheles sinensis after elimination of malaria in Henan Province, China","volume":"16","author":"ZQ He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit. Vector"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-70","article-title":"Ace-1 duplication in Anopheles gambiae: a challenge for malaria control","volume":"8","author":"L Djogb\u00e9nou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14529","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14529","article-title":"An ace-1 gene duplication resorbs the fitness cost associated with resistance in Anopheles gambiae, the main malaria mosquito","volume":"5","author":"BS Assogba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012748.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2000618","article-title":"The ace-1 Locus is amplified in all resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes: fitness consequences of homogeneous and heterogeneous duplications","volume":"14","author":"BS Assogba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plos Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-024-00670-9","article-title":"Despite structural identity, ace-1 heterogenous duplication resistance alleles are quite diverse in Anopheles mosquitoes","volume":"139","author":"JL Claret","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2023.105520","article-title":"Inference of selection pressures that drive insecticide resistance in Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes in Korea","volume":"194","author":"DE Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol"},{"issue":"49","key":"pntd.0012748.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19854","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316851110","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of gene flow and hybrid fitness between the M and S forms of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae","volume":"110","author":"Y Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012748.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418892112","article-title":"Adaptive introgression in an African malaria mosquito coincident with the increased usage of insecticide-treated bed nets","volume":"112","author":"LC Norris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"issue":"20","key":"pntd.0012748.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5145","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13382","article-title":"Complex genome evolution in Anopheles coluzzii associated with increased insecticide usage in Mali","volume":"24","author":"BJ Main","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0012748.ref064","volume-title":"The mosquito: a human history of our deadliest predator","author":"TC Winegard","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012748","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T18:23:38Z","timestamp":1736274218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012748"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jean-philippe","family":"David","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012748","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}}}