{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:26:43Z","timestamp":1787498803837,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lake Victoria is a well-known hot spot for intestinal schistosomiasis, caused by infection with the trematode\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The snail intermediate hosts of this parasite are\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    snails, with\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria choanomphala<\/jats:italic>\n                    being the predominant intermediate host within Lake Victoria. The prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection within snail populations is influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors, including the physical and chemical characteristics of their environment, the incidence of infection in human populations (and reservoir hosts) and the level of genetic compatibility between the parasite and the host. Using molecular xenomonitoring, we measured the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection within\n                    <jats:italic>B. choanomphala<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations along the Kenyan, Tanzanian and Ugandan shorelines of Lake Victoria and related this to the abiotic (habitat type, water depth, turbulence, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, pH level) and biotic (\n                    <jats:italic>B. choanomphala<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance, genetic diversity of host snail populations) factors of the lake. The overall mean prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection at Lake Victoria was 9.3%, with the highest prevalence of infection occurring on the Tanzanian shoreline (13.1%), followed by the Ugandan (8.2%) and Kenyan (4.7%) shorelines. There was a significant difference in\n                    <jats:italic>B. choanomphala abundance<\/jats:italic>\n                    , water temperature, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids and major anion\/cation concentrations between the Kenyan, Tanzanian and Ugandan shorelines of Lake Victoria. A Spearman\u2019s rank analysis found that the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection had a significant, positive relationship with higher levels of\n                    <jats:italic>B. choanomphala<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance, water acidity, and cation (Ca\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Mg\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) concentrations. Additionally, we observed that sites with\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection correlated with\n                    <jats:italic>B. choanomphala<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations with a higher mean haplotype diversity score compared to sites found without infection, though there was no significant relationship between the prevalence of infection and\n                    <jats:italic>B. choanomphala<\/jats:italic>\n                    haplotype diversity scores. Although our analysis is based upon an archival and unique collection of\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    snails, the abiotic and biotic relationships uncovered are useful for eco-epidemiological comparisons of intestinal schistosomiasis across Lake Victoria in future.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T14:09:57Z","timestamp":1735826997000},"page":"e0012771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular xenomonitoring of Schistosoma mansoni infections in Biomphalaria choanomphala at Lake Victoria, East Africa: Assessing roles of abiotic and biotic factors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Andrus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire J.","family":"Standley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Russell","family":"Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1269-9694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012771.ref001","volume-title":"WHO guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"pntd.0012771.ref002","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis factsheet 2023","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012771.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865","article-title":"The global burden of disease study 2010: interpretation and implications for the neglected tropical diseases","volume":"8","author":"PJ 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