{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:49:55Z","timestamp":1790606995450,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012775","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000}}],"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003786","name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202004A17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202004A17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Health Science and Technology Plan","award":["Z2024015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z2024015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current literature lacks a recent global analysis of scabies. This study aims to analyze the burden and epidemiological characteristics of scabies using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis assessed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of scabies from 1990 to 2021, stratified by geographic location, socio demographic index (SDI), gender, and age. In 2021, scabies caused 5.3 million DALYs, 206.6 million prevalence, and 622.5 million incidence, primarily affecting children and young people. The burden was heaviest in middle SDI regions and lowest in high SDI regions. Oceania, Tropical Latin America, and East Asia ranked as the top three regions in global scabies burden. Nationally, Fiji, Guam, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Northern Mariana Islands had the highest age-standardised DALY rates. From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardized rates (ASRs) of DALYs, prevalence, and incidence for scabies declined, while the absolute numbers increased. These ASRs showed an upward trend in high and high-middle SDI regions, with significant increases in Central Latin America and high-income North America. Larger burden increases were observed in Sri Lanka, the United States of America, and Mexico compared to other countries and territories. In terms of age, these ASRs increased from 40, particularly for women and the elderly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global scabies burden was higher in tropical regions, particularly among children and young people, in 2021. Between 1990 and 2021, the burden increased in higher SDI regions, Central Latin America, and high-income North America, warranting focused attention. Additionally, the rising burden among adults over 40, particularly women and the elderly, highlighted the need for targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T13:38:58Z","timestamp":1735220338000},"page":"e0012775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence and incidence of scabies, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5388-1492","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiajia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1472-411X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zehu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3790-8026","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiujiao","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012775.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009751","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009751","article-title":"Scabies in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations in Australia: A narrative review.","volume":"15","author":"P Gramp","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9524","key":"pntd.0012775.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68772-2","article-title":"Scabies.","volume":"367","author":"J Heukelbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012775.ref003","first-page":"1598","article-title":"Increased Scabies Incidence at the Beginning of the 21st Century: What Do Reports from Europe and the World Show?.","volume":"12","author":"MD A\u017edaji\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012775.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18943","article-title":"The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies","volume":"183","author":"D Engelman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012775.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad308","article-title":"Failure of scabies treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"190","author":"L Mbuagbaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012775.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.15222","article-title":"Scabies: update on treatment and efforts for prevention and control in highly endemic settings.","volume":"16","author":"S Widaty","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012775.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30483-8","article-title":"The global burden of scabies: a cross-sectional analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"17","author":"C Karimkhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012775.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1754136","article-title":"Trends in prevalence and incidence of scabies from 1990 to 2017: findings from the global Burden of disease study 2017","volume":"9","author":"W Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0012775.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.34.010189.001035","article-title":"Biology, host relations, and epidemiology of Sarcoptes scabiei","volume":"34","author":"LG Arlian","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0012775.ref010","article-title":"Scabies\u2014a public health problem. Skabb\u2013et folkehelseproblem","volume":"140","author":"E. Hugdahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"issue":"10440","key":"pntd.0012775.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1026210258","key":"pntd.0012775.ref012","first-page":"1204","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 [published correction appears in Lancet.","volume":"396396","author":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012775.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.08.005","article-title":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 suggests that metabolic risk factors are the leading drivers of the burden of ischemic heart disease","volume":"33","author":"W Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012775.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.1891","article-title":"Scabies-An Ancient Disease With Unanswered Questions in Modern Times","volume":"154","author":"AY Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"10258","key":"pntd.0012775.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30977-6","article-title":"Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950\u20132019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019 Demographics Collaborators","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012775.ref016","first-page":"102231","article-title":"Treatment of scabies","volume":"54","author":"D Morgado-Carrasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aten Primaria"},{"issue":"41","key":"pntd.0012775.ref017","first-page":"695","article-title":"Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment.","volume":"118","author":"C Sunderk\u00f6tter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012775.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.10.010","article-title":"Cutaneous infections in the mature patient.","volume":"36","author":"MCR Castro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0012775.ref019","first-page":"100454","article-title":"Can ivermectin mass drug administrations to control scabies also reduce skin and soft tissue infections? Hospitalizations and primary care presentations lower after a large-scale trial in Fiji.","volume":"22","author":"J. Middleton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012775.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008825","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008825","article-title":"Community perspectives on scabies, impetigo and mass drug administration in Fiji: A qualitative study.","volume":"14","author":"E Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012775.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.12703\/r\/10-28","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding and treating scabies.","volume":"10","author":"E Welch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fac Rev"},{"issue":"10258","key":"pntd.0012775.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31404-5","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012775.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008601","article-title":"Early immune suppression leads to uncontrolled mite proliferation and potent host inflammatory responses in a porcine model of crusted versus ordinary scabies.","volume":"14","author":"SA Bhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012775.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30347-5","article-title":"Scabies outbreaks in ten care homes for elderly people: a prospective study of clinical features, epidemiology, and treatment outcomes","volume":"18","author":"JA Cassell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"49","key":"pntd.0012775.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e337","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e337","article-title":"Previous Long-term Care Facility Admission as a Risk Factor for Scabies in a Medical Facility.","volume":"36","author":"E Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012775.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S1550-8579(07)80061-1","article-title":"Gender differences in skin: a review of the literature.","volume":"4","author":"H Dao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gend Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012775.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP1","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754231177582","article-title":"The Role of Sex and Gender in Dermatology\u2014From Pathogenesis to Clinical Implications.","volume":"27","author":"F Lagac\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012775.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13886","article-title":"Understanding the gender gap in advanced practice nursing: A qualitative study.","volume":"30","author":"BFY Woo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"key":"pntd.0012775.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.09.004","article-title":"Gender, mental health and ageing.","volume":"129","author":"KM Kiely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012775.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2009.00691.x","article-title":"Risk factors of scabies in psychiatric and long-term care hospitals: a nationwide mail-in survey in Japan","volume":"36","author":"K Makigami","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012775.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19170","article-title":"Estimating the global burden of scabies: what else do we need?.","volume":"184","author":"V Cox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012775.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30636-9","article-title":"Scabies and mortality","volume":"17","author":"S Lynar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012775.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3390\/idr14030051","article-title":"Crusted scabies, a neglected tropical disease: case series and literature review.","volume":"14","author":"NJ Niode","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012775.ref034","first-page":"705","article-title":"Ultrastructure of sarcoptes scabiei in crusted scabies","volume":"111","author":"Y Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012775","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012775","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T14:38:10Z","timestamp":1736347090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012775"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Ley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012775","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]}}}