{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:39:47Z","timestamp":1792507187633,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012779","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000}}],"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA121C0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA121C0033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA121C0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA121C0033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic> biovar <jats:italic>anthracis<\/jats:italic> (Bcbva) causes anthrax-like disease in animals, particularly in the non-human primates and great apes of West and Central Africa. Genomic analyses revealed Bcbva as a member of the <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cereus<\/jats:italic> species that carries two plasmids, pBCXO1 and pBCXO2, which have high sequence homology to the <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anthracis<\/jats:italic> toxin and polyglutamate capsule encoding plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, respectively. To date, only a few studies have investigated the effect of variations in Bcbva sporulation, toxin, and capsule synthesis on animal and macrophage pathogenicity compared to <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anthracis<\/jats:italic>, therefore more research is needed to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of this emerging infection. Here, we report that Bcbva can multiply and vegetatively survive on nutrient-rich media for a minimum of six days while generating spores. Sporulation of Bcbva occurred faster and more extensively than <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anthracis<\/jats:italic> Ames. Bcbva tended to secrete less protective antigen (PA) than <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anthracis<\/jats:italic> Ames when cultured in growth medium. We found Bcbva produced a substantially higher amount of attached poly-\u01b4-D-glutamic acid (PDGA) capsule than <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anthracis<\/jats:italic> Ames when grown in medium supplemented with human serum and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. In a phagocytosis assay, Bcbva spores showed reduced internalization by mouse macrophages compared to <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anthracis<\/jats:italic> Ames. Our research demonstrated that Bcbva is more virulent than <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>anthracis<\/jats:italic> Ames using two <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> models, <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> larvae and guinea pigs. Following that, the efficacy of the veterinary vaccine Sterne strain 34F2 against anthrax-like disease was assessed in guinea pigs. Sterne vaccinated guinea pigs had significantly increased anti-PA titers compared to the unvaccinated control group. Toxin neutralizing antibody titers in vaccinated guinea pigs correlated with anti-PA titers. This indicates the Sterne vaccine provides adequate protection against Bcbva infection in laboratory animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T18:50:24Z","timestamp":1734979824000},"page":"e0012779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Toxin and capsule production by Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis influence pathogenicity in macrophages and animal models"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Treenate","family":"Jiranantasak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Bluhm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Chabot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Friedlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian A.","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted L.","family":"Hadfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Airn","family":"Hartwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason K.","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5285-0432","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael H.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012779.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0435-4","article-title":"The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock and wildlife","volume":"4","author":"CJ Carlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pntd.0012779.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.016","article-title":"Anthrax undervalued zoonosis","volume":"140","author":"A Fasanella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012779.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00867.x","article-title":"1996\u201397 Global Anthrax Report","volume":"87","author":"M. 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