{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:09:00Z","timestamp":1767179340070,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012791","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000}}],"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI185140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI185140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Clinical and subclinical\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections among children living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have been associated with long-term adverse effects such as impaired linear growth. The mechanism for the impact of subclinical infections has been theorized to occur through contributions to environmental enteropathy (EE). While\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    has previously been associated with biomarkers of EE at the time of infection, we evaluated whether this impact was sustained after infections, which would support EE being the mechanism for the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    on growth. A prospective birth cohort study of 1,715 children living in 8 different LMICs was conducted. Over the course of 24 months, monthly non-diarrheal stool samples were analyzed for subclinical\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections through quantitative PCR methods. EE was reflected by elevated concentrations of 3 fecal biomarkers: myeloperoxidase (MPO), neopterin (NEO), and alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT). MPO concentrations were found to be significantly higher by 0.30 ln(nm\/mL) (95% CI: 0.23, 0.37) in the initial month of\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    detection among stools with subclinical\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. After the\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, MPO concentrations declined throughout the following 6 months, and concentrations were lower by 6 months post-infection [MPO 6-month difference: -0.16 ln(nm\/mL) (95% CI: -0.26, -0.04)]. Subclinical\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections had no effect on NEO concentration levels within the initial month of\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    detection but did decrease post-infection. Subclinical\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections had no effect on AAT concentration levels until 6 months post-infection [AAT difference: -0.13 ln(mg\/g) (95% CI: -0.24, -0.03)]. These findings did not differ by antibiotic use around time of index infection. The impact of\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    on biomarkers of EE was not sustained, suggesting the negative association between\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    and growth could be explained by the accumulation of time-limited rather than persistent effects on inflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T13:39:35Z","timestamp":1748525975000},"page":"e0012791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transitory impact of subclinical Shigella infections on biomarkers of environmental enteropathy in children under 2 years"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Haley A.","family":"Liakakos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Platts-Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Garcia","family":"Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Houpt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4942-3747","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth T.","family":"Rogawski McQuade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9730","key":"pntd.0012791.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60549-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis","volume":"375","author":"RE Black","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012791.ref002","article-title":"Estimating diarrhea mortality among young children in low and middle income countries","volume":"7","author":"CLF Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10053","key":"pntd.0012791.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a 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