{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:58:03Z","timestamp":1790805483589,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec025\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a health problem in many regions with poor health and poor life resources. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 700,000\u20131 million new cases arise annually. Effective control of sand fly vector populations is crucial for reducing the transmission of this disease. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively examine and evaluate the current methods for controlling sand fly populations, focusing on biological and gene drive techniques.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec026\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A detailed, comprehensive literature search was carried out using databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the National Library of Medicine (NIH). These searches were done using specific keywords related to the field of study. This current review identified several promising methods, including genetically modified sand flies, using transgenic approaches by taking advanced gene editing tools like Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR\/Cas9) and genetic modification of symbiotic microorganisms for controlling sand fly populations, which appeared to be proven under laboratory and field settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec027\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Genetic control approaches have many benefits over chemical control, including long-lasting effects on targets, high specificity, and less environmental impact. Advances in genetic engineering technologies, particularly CRISPR\/Cas9, sterile insect techniques, and gene drive insect modification, offer new avenues for precise and efficient sand fly management. Future research should prioritize optimizing rearing and sterilization techniques, conducting controlled field trials, and fostering collaboration across disciplines to realize the potential of genetic control strategies in combating leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T18:41:33Z","timestamp":1738003293000},"page":"e0012795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A comprehensive review of biological and genetic control approaches for leishmaniasis vector sand flies; emphasis towards promoting tools for integrated vector management"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yasoda","family":"Kumari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2690-8565","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nayana","family":"Gunathilaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepika","family":"Amarasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0012795.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012795.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-021-00232-7","article-title":"A review of leishmaniasis: current knowledge and future directions","volume":"8","author":"S Mann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012795.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01034.x","article-title":"Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern","volume":"27","author":"M Maroli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0012795.ref004","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012795.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009586","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009586","article-title":"Chemical control and insecticide resistance status of sand fly vectors worldwide","volume":"15","author":"S Balaska","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012795.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.75000","article-title":"Vaccines for human leishmaniasis: where do we stand and what is still missing? 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