{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:12:33Z","timestamp":1789729953048,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012835","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000}}],"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coalition for Operational Research on Neglected Tropical Diseases","award":["OPP1053230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1053230"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1193826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1193826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sensitive diagnostic tools that signal lymphatic filariasis (LF) transmission are needed to monitor the progress of LF elimination programs. Anti-filarial antibody (Ab) markers could be more sensitive than antigen (Ag) point-of-care tests for monitoring LF transmission in some settings. This study aimed to investigate the sensitivity of anti-filarial Abs for detecting signals of LF transmission in Samoa by i) investigating the sensitivity and specificity of Ab to identify Ag-positives; ii) estimating the average number needed to test (NNTest\n                      <jats:sup>av<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) to identify LF-seropositives (seropositive for Ag and\/or any Ab), and iii) compare the efficiency of the different serological indicators by target age group and sampling design.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A community-based serological survey of participants aged \u22655 years was conducted 1.5-3.5 months following the first round of triple-drug mass drug administration in Samoa in 2018, covering 35 primary sampling units (PSUs) (30 randomly selected and five purposively selected \u2018suspected hotspots\u2019). Ag-positivity was detected using Alere Filariasis Test Strips, and Ab-seropositivity (\n                      <jats:italic>Bm14<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Wb123<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bm33<\/jats:italic>\n                      Abs) were measured using multiplex bead assays. Seroprevalence was adjusted for study design and standardised for age and gender. NNTest\n                      <jats:sup>av<\/jats:sup>\n                      was calculated using the formula 1\/p, where p was the adjusted seroprevalence for each subgroup.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 3795 participants (mean age: 20.7; 51.2% female), 1892 (49.9%) were LF-seropositive. If Ag alone was used to identify LF-seropositives, only 5% (117\/1892) would be identified. Of the three Ab seromarkers,\n                      <jats:italic>Bm14<\/jats:italic>\n                      Ab had the highest area under the Receiver-Operating Characteristic Curve ([ROC]=0.88) to classify participants as Ag-positive, followed by\n                      <jats:italic>Wb123<\/jats:italic>\n                      Ab (ROC=0.83) and\n                      <jats:italic>Bm33<\/jats:italic>\n                      Ab (ROC=0.76). Participants aged \u226510 years had lower NNTest\n                      <jats:sup>av<\/jats:sup>\n                      compared to participants aged 5-9 years for all seromarkers. NNTest\n                      <jats:sup>av<\/jats:sup>\n                      was lower in purposively versus randomly selected PSUs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All Ab seromarkers had high ROC values to classify patients as Ag-positive and may be useful tools for LF surveillance in some settings. However, further research is required to fully understand how best Ab serosurveillance can be incorporated into LF elimination programmes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T13:51:42Z","timestamp":1738245102000},"page":"e0012835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sensitivity of anti-filarial antibodies for lymphatic filariasis surveillance: Insights from a serological survey in Samoa in 2018"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9699-8201","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harriet L. 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