{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T22:25:45Z","timestamp":1779315945318,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012850","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000}}],"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/00834-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/00834-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indigenous communities are reportedly among the most vulnerable populations exposed to rabies worldwide. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess rabies serum titers from healthy Indigenous individuals, their dogs, and healthcare professionals of four Indigenous communities from S\u00e3o Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. Blood samples were collected, and an epidemiological questionnaire applied. The samples were processed by Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralization (FAVN) method. Overall, 35\/299 (11.7%) individuals and 22\/166 (13.2%) dogs without prior vaccination were seropositive. Furthermore, 4\/18 (16.7%) healthcare professionals were seropositive, with only one reporting prior rabies vaccination. The lack of rabies titers in the remaining 14\/18 (77.8%) healthcare professionals indicates no immune protection. Seropositivity was associated with being from the Kopenoty community (p = 0.026) and with owners reporting seeing their dogs in contact with bats (p = 0.022). In summary, these results should be considered as a warning for the risk of human-dog rabies exposure and infection, mainly due to bat contact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T18:49:02Z","timestamp":1738349342000},"page":"e0012850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rabies seropositive individuals, dogs, and healthcare professionals without prior vaccination in four Brazilian Indigenous communities"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4209-0986","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matheus Lopes","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila Michele","family":"Appolinario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna Let\u00edcia Devid\u00e9","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Henrique","family":"Farinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando Rodrigo","family":"Doline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gisely Toledo","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana Amorim","family":"Conselheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vamilton Alvar\u00e9s","family":"Santar\u00e9m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leandro Meneguelli","family":"Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea Pires","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise Bach","family":"Kmetiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander Welker","family":"Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6540-7157","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jane","family":"Megid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012850.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020098","article-title":"Evolution of rabies in South America and inter-species dynamics (2009\u20132018)","volume":"6","author":"M Meske","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref002","unstructured":"PNCRH\u2014Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura e Pecu\u00e1ria. [cited 2024 Jan 17]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/agricultura\/pt-br\/assuntos\/sanidade-animal-e-vegetal\/saude-animal\/programas-de-saude-animal\/raiva-dos-herbivoros-e-eeb"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.07.006","article-title":"Rabies response, One Health and more-than-human considerations in Indigenous communities in northern Australia","volume":"212","author":"C Degeling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777640","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.777640","article-title":"Occurrence and risk factors of dog bites in northern indigenous communities: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"L Daigle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref005","unstructured":"Orienta\u00e7\u00f5es para Profissionais de Sa\u00fade\u2014Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. [cited 2024 Jan 17]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br\/assuntos\/saude-de-a-a-z\/r\/raiva\/orientacoes-para-profissionais-de-saude"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012850.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091002","article-title":"Defining new pathways to manage the ongoing emergence of bat rabies in Latin America","volume":"12","author":"JA Benavides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref007","unstructured":"Distrito Sanit\u00e1rio Especial Ind\u00edgena - Litoral Sul \u2014 Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. [cited 2024 Jan 17]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br\/composicao\/secretaria-de-saude-indigena\/distritos-sanitarios-especiais-indigenas\/distrito-sanitario-especial-indigena-litoral-sul"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012850.ref008","first-page":"493","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitoses in children at the Xingu Indian Reservation","volume":"86","author":"ML Escobar-Pardo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012850.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01130-y","article-title":"Rabies outbreak in Brazil: first case series in children from an indigenous village","volume":"12","author":"DS Tolentino J\u00fanior","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012850.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(97)00212-3","article-title":"Development of a fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation test (FAVN test) for the quantitation of rabies-neutralising antibody","volume":"212","author":"F Cliquet","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012850.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e595","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000595","article-title":"Rabies-specific antibodies: measuring surrogates of protection against a fatal disease","volume":"4","author":"SM Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012850.ref012","first-page":"201","article-title":"The bats and rabies in the Western region of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"44","author":"A Albas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012850.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1086\/344905","article-title":"Management of rabies in humans","volume":"36","author":"AC Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012850.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081516","article-title":"Challenges of rabies serology: defining context of interpretation","volume":"13","author":"SM Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012850.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asaa052","article-title":"Jeffreys-prior penalty, finiteness and shrinkage in binomial-response generalized linear models","volume":"108","author":"I Kosmidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012850.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-019-09860-6","article-title":"Mean and median bias reduction in generalized linear models","volume":"30","author":"I Kosmidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stat Comput"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref017","unstructured":"R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. [cited 17 Jan 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012850.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3220-9","article-title":"Antigenic and genotypic characterization of rabies virus isolated from bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from municipalities in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil","volume":"162","author":"BD Menozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012850.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0189-2014","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in bats in Northwestern State of S\u00e3o Paulo","volume":"47","author":"DKA Casagrande","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012850.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007933","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007933","article-title":"Rabies virus-neutralising antibodies in healthy, unvaccinated individuals: What do they mean for rabies epidemiology?","volume":"14","author":"S Gold","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012850.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822011005000011","article-title":"Rabies diagnosis and serology in bats from the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"44","author":"MF de Almeida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012850.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01130-y","article-title":"Rabies outbreak in Brazil: first case series in children from an indigenous village","volume":"12","author":"DS Tolentino J\u00fanior","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107073","article-title":"High risk of bat bites in an indigenous village in Brazil: warning of the re-emergence of rabies among the Maxakali People","volume":"249","author":"DST J\u00fanior","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012850.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01404.x","article-title":"Prevention educational program of human rabies transmitted by bats in rain forest preserved area of southern Brazilian coast","volume":"58","author":"M Kikuti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00318","article-title":"Using surveillance of animal bite patients to decipher potential risks of rabies exposure from domestic animals and wildlife in Brazil","volume":"8","author":"JA Benavides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012850.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2003.00713.x","article-title":"Haematophagous bats in Brazil, their role in rabies transmission, impact on public health, livestock industry and alternatives to an indiscriminate reduction of bat population","volume":"50","author":"F Mayen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012850.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10010034","article-title":"Rabies in bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia) in Brazil: prevalence and potential risk factors based on twenty years of research in the Northwestern Region of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"10","author":"AB Garcia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012850.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-012-0306-6","article-title":"Exposure to rabies virus in a population of free-ranging capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) in a fragmented, environmentally protected area in southeastern Brazil","volume":"53","author":"GP Machado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Primates"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012850.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811001440","article-title":"The occurrence of rabies in pre-Columbian Central America: an historical search","volume":"139","author":"A Vos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012850.ref030","first-page":"561","article-title":"Exposure of wild boar (Sus scrofa) to the common vampire bat and lack of immune protection to rabies virus in Brazilian hunters","volume":"57","author":"PI Teider-Junior","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref031","first-page":"367","article-title":"Canine rabies","volume-title":"In:The natural history of rabies","author":"M. Fekadu","year":"1991"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012850.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0689","article-title":"Evidence of rabies virus exposure among humans in the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"87","author":"AT Gilbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012850.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.173039","article-title":"Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis: a systematic review","volume":"95","author":"JA Kessels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012850.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51447-8","article-title":"Investigation of the temporal roaming behaviour of free-roaming domestic dogs in Indigenous communities in northern Australia to inform rabies incursion preparedness","volume":"9","author":"EK Maher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012850.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400070583","article-title":"Evaluation of a human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine: final report of a three year study of pre-exposure immunization","volume":"89","author":"GS Turner","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012850.ref036","first-page":"e44","article-title":"Furious rabies after an atypical exposure","volume":"6","author":"HFL Wertheim","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref037","article-title":"Raiva: aspectos gerais e cl\u00ednica","volume-title":"Manual T\u00e9cnico do Instituto Pasteur","author":"I Kotait","year":"2009"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012850.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003942","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003942","article-title":"Natural rabies infection in a domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus): a report from India","volume":"9","author":"J Baby","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106254","article-title":"A comparative review of serological assays for the detection of rabies virus-specific antibodies","volume":"226","author":"FN Ciconello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2017.1343516","article-title":"Rabies - epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review","volume":"37","author":"R Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100161","article-title":"One-health approach: a best possible way to control rabies","volume":"10","author":"KP Acharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"pntd.0012850.ref042","unstructured":"Cobertura vacinal de c\u00e3es e gatos\u2014Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. [cited 2024 Sep 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br\/assuntos\/saude-de-a-a-z\/r\/raiva\/cobertura-vacinal-de-caes-e-gatos"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012850.ref043","first-page":"657","article-title":"The real significance of being bitten by a hematophagous bat in indigenous communities in the remote Peruvian Amazon","volume":"27","author":"J G\u00f3mez-Benavides","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012850","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012850","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T18:45:35Z","timestamp":1738781135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012850"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Husain","family":"Poonawala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012850","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012850","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}}}