{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:17:11Z","timestamp":1784179031301,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012890","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000}}],"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004413","name":"International Foundation for Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I2-W5581-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I2-W5581-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004413","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National University Singapore Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP)."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Northern Cameroon in Central Africa has experienced recurring cholera outbreaks despite ongoing efforts to control the disease. While most cholera studies focus on O1 pandemic <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic> strains, non-O1\/O139 strains are increasingly recognized for their infection potential and dynamic relationships with O1 strains during outbreaks. Here we explore the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of non-O1\/O139 <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> (NOVC) isolated from environmental water sources in Northern Cameroon. These NOVC strains show significant genetic diversity and virulence potential. They are closely related to environmental strains from Kenya and clinical strains from Argentina and Haiti, suggesting transmissions across countries and continents, likely facilitated by human carriers. The highly conserved <jats:italic>tcpA<\/jats:italic> gene found in some strains from Cameroon is closely related to the <jats:italic>tcpA<\/jats:italic> O1 Classical type, suggesting direct or indirect genetic interactions between these environmental NOVC strains and pandemic strains. Our findings underscore the importance of environmental surveillance and further studies of NOVC strains to better understand cholera outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T19:37:13Z","timestamp":1743709033000},"page":"e0012890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Non-O1\/O139 environmental Vibrio cholerae from Northern Cameroon reveals potential intra-\/inter-continental transmissions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7788-0320","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deborah Yebon","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Tarequl","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rom\u00e9o Wakayansam","family":"Bouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoua","family":"Wadoub\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Djaouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0036-6083","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yann Felix","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012890.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003832","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003832","article-title":"Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries","volume":"9","author":"M Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11786329231211964","DOI":"10.1177\/11786329231211964","article-title":"The Chronic Cholera Situation in Africa: Why Are African Countries Unable to Tame the Well-Known Lion?","volume":"16","author":"OO Olu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Serv Insights"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012890.ref003","first-page":"209-218A","article-title":"The global burden of cholera","volume":"90","author":"M Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"30","key":"pntd.0012890.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.05.008","article-title":"Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper\u2014Recommendations","volume":"28","author":"Publication WHO","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref005","unstructured":". Cholera \u2013 Cameroon 2021. 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012890.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2756-9","article-title":"Health seeking behaviour among suspected cases of cholera in Cameroonian health districts in Lake Chad basin","volume":"10","author":"MN Yakum","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012890.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155691","article-title":"The Lake Chad Basin, an Isolated and Persistent Reservoir of Vibrio cholerae O1: A Genomic Insight into the Outbreak in Cameroon, 2010","volume":"11","author":"RS Kaas","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65159","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65159","article-title":"Regional sequencing collaboration reveals persistence of the T12 Vibrio cholerae O1 lineage in West Africa","volume":"10","author":"E Ekeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012890.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030147","article-title":"A Review of the Environmental Trigger and Transmission Components for Prediction of Cholera","volume":"6","author":"M Usmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.809","article-title":"Scarcity of potable water and sanitation facilities in the endemic cholera region of north Cameroon","volume":"101","author":"M Djaouda","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012890.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005105","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005105","article-title":"Cholera in Cameroon, 2000-2012: Spatial and Temporal Analysis at the Operational (Health District) and Sub Climate Levels","volume":"10","author":"MC Ngwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012890.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308485100","article-title":"Genetic diversity and virulence potential of environmental Vibrio cholerae population in a cholera-endemic area","volume":"101","author":"SM Faruque","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012890.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0496","article-title":"Clinical and environmental surveillance for Vibrio cholerae in resource constrained areas: Application during a 1-year surveillance in the Far North Region of Cameroon","volume":"94","author":"AK Debes","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012890.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74829","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074829","article-title":"A study on the geophylogeny of clinical and environmental Vibrio cholerae in Kenya","volume":"8","author":"J Kiiru","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012890.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030486","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variation in Environmental Vibrio cholerae in an Estuary in Southern Coastal Ecuador","volume":"15","author":"SJ Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0012890.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7897","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1918763117","article-title":"Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae evolution and establishment of reservoirs in aquatic ecosystems","volume":"117","author":"C Mavian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36115","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36115","article-title":"Non-toxigenic environmental Vibrio cholerae O1 strain from Haiti provides evidence of pre-pandemic cholera in Hispaniola","volume":"6","author":"T Azarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012890.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0601","article-title":"Environmental surveillance for toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in surface waters of Haiti","volume":"92","author":"A Kahler","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012890.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4022","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.9.4022-4028.2000","article-title":"Virulence genes in environmental strains of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"66","author":"S Chakraborty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012890.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18647-7","article-title":"Genomics of the Argentinian cholera epidemic elucidate the contrasting dynamics of epidemic and endemic Vibrio cholerae","volume":"11","author":"MJ Dorman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"29","key":"pntd.0012890.ref021","first-page":"E2010","article-title":"Genomic diversity of 2010 Haitian cholera outbreak strains","volume":"109","author":"NA Hasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00733","article-title":"Environmental and Clinical Strains of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1, Non-O139 From Germany Possess Similar Virulence Gene Profiles","volume":"10","author":"K Schwartz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012890.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4342","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15040","article-title":"Global emergence of environmental non-O1\/O139 Vibrio cholerae infections linked with climate change: a neglected research field?","volume":"22","author":"L Vezzulli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012890.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-2011-9","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic analysis of Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 isolated from German and Austrian patients","volume":"33","author":"F Schirmeister","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"pntd.0012890.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0042221","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00422-21","article-title":"Population analysis of Vibrio cholerae in aquatic reservoirs reveals a novel sister species (Vibrio paracholerae sp. nov.) with a history of association with humans","volume":"87","author":"M Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012890.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.13136","article-title":"First report on the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae nonO1\/nonO139 in natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Serbia: Evidence for a long-distance transfer of strains and the presence of Vibrio paracholerae","volume":"15","author":"C Rehm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol Rep"},{"issue":"1900","key":"pntd.0012890.ref027","first-page":"20182025","article-title":"The history, genome and biology of NCTC 30: a non-pandemic Vibrio cholerae isolate from World War One","volume":"286","author":"MJ Dorman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012890.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14921","article-title":"Culture-independent tracking of Vibrio cholerae lineages reveals complex spatiotemporal dynamics in a natural population","volume":"22","author":"PC Kirchberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012890.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.2.697-703.1991","article-title":"16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study","volume":"173","author":"WG Weisburg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012890.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0012890.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0012890.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"T Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012890.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07641-9","article-title":"High throughput ANI analysis of 90K prokaryotic genomes reveals clear species boundaries","volume":"9","author":"C Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meier-Kolthoff JP, Carbasse JS, Peinado-Olarte RL, G\u00f6ker M. TYGS and LPSN: a database tandem for fast and reliable genome-based classification and nomenclature of prokaryotes. Nucleic Acids Research. 2021;50(D1):D801-D7.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab902"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012890.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020292","article-title":"Correlation between Phenotypic and In Silico Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica in Canada Using Staramr","volume":"10","author":"A Bharat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-202","article-title":"Comparing thousands of circular genomes using the CGView Comparison Tool","volume":"13","author":"JR Grant","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-6-2","article-title":"Visualization of comparative genomic analyses by BLAST score ratio","volume":"6","author":"DA Rasko","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421","article-title":"BLAST+: architecture and applications","volume":"10","author":"C Camacho","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012890.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01605-13","article-title":"Characterization of Klebsiella sp. strain 10982, a colonizer of humans that contains novel antibiotic resistance alleles and exhibits genetic similarities to plant and clinical Klebsiella isolates","volume":"58","author":"T Hazen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012890.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.43","article-title":"Complex heatmap visualization","volume":"1","author":"Z Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"issue":"22","key":"pntd.0012890.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv421","article-title":"Roary: rapid large-scale prokaryote pan genome analysis","volume":"31","author":"AJ Page","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"21","key":"pntd.0012890.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz305","article-title":"RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference","volume":"35","author":"AM Kozlov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012890.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref044","first-page":"1","article-title":"The igraph software package for complex network research","author":"G Cs\u00e1rdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"InterJournal, Complex Systems"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012890.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"P Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"6364","key":"pntd.0012890.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2136","article-title":"Integrated view of Vibrio cholerae in the Americas","volume":"358","author":"D Domman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012890.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01472-1","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology reveals multidrug resistant plasmid spread between Vibrio cholerae lineages in Yemen","volume":"8","author":"F Lassalle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012890.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5267","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.11.5267","article-title":"Accessory cholera enterotoxin (Ace), the third toxin of a Vibrio cholerae virulence cassette","volume":"90","author":"M Trucksis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5270","key":"pntd.0012890.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1910","article-title":"Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin","volume":"272","author":"MK Waldor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012890.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.12.5242","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae produces a second enterotoxin, which affects intestinal tight junctions","volume":"88","author":"A Fasano","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012890.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02026-08","article-title":"Incidence, virulence factors, and clonality among clinical strains of non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae isolates from hospitalized diarrheal patients in Kolkata, India","volume":"47","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012890.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112751","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic virulence potential of non-O1\/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae isolated from German retail seafood","volume":"11","author":"Q Zhang","year":"n.d","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"16","key":"pntd.0012890.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf427","article-title":"A satellite phage-encoded antirepressor induces repressor aggregation and cholera toxin gene transfer","volume":"21","author":"BM Davis","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"pntd.0012890.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-11-3681","article-title":"Characterization of a novel Vibrio pathogenicity island (VPI-2) encoding neuraminidase (nanH) among toxigenic Vibrio cholerae isolates","volume":"148","author":"WS Jermyn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012890.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evv193","article-title":"The Dynamics of Genetic Interactions between Vibrio metoecus and Vibrio cholerae, Two Close Relatives Co-Occurring in the Environment","volume":"7","author":"FD Orata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012890.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00279-09","article-title":"Sialic acid catabolism confers a competitive advantage to pathogenic vibrio cholerae in the mouse intestine","volume":"77","author":"S Almagro-Moreno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012890.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00562-07","article-title":"Three pathogenicity islands of Vibrio cholerae can excise from the chromosome and form circular intermediates","volume":"190","author":"RA Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0012890.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00795-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00795-17","article-title":"Environmental role of pathogenic traits in Vibrio cholerae","volume":"200","author":"SN Sakib","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012890.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086264","article-title":"Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 isolates from a US Gulf Coast cholera outbreak","volume":"9","author":"BJ Haley","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012890.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03540-14","article-title":"Non-O1\/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae carrying multiple virulence factors and V. cholerae O1 in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland","volume":"81","author":"D Ceccarelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012890.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.2993-2999.2003","article-title":"Examination of diverse toxin-coregulated pilus-positive Vibrio cholerae strains fails to demonstrate evidence for Vibrio pathogenicity island phage","volume":"71","author":"SM Faruque","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012890.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26570-7","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae accessory colonisation factor AcfC: a chemotactic protein with a role in hyperinfectivity","volume":"8","author":"E Valiente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012890.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.7.2162-2168.2002","article-title":"New carbenicillin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase (CARB-7) from Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains encoded by the VCR region of the V. cholerae genome","volume":"46","author":"R Melano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012890.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0263122","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02631-22","article-title":"Clinical and Environmental Vibrio cholerae Non-O1, Non-O139 Strains from Australia Have Similar Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Profiles","volume":"11","author":"M Bhandari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012890.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.100568","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae O1 variant with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, Western Africa","volume":"16","author":"ML Quilici","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012890.ref066","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae O1 with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin isolated from a rural coastal area of Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"S Rashed","year":"n.d","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012890.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038633","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 in China from 1993 to 2009","volume":"7","author":"L Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"24","key":"pntd.0012890.ref068","first-page":"e00086-20","article-title":"A Vibrio cholerae Core Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme To Facilitate the Epidemiological Study of Cholera","volume":"202","author":"KYH Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012890.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0210-0","article-title":"Prevailing clone (ST69) of Vibrio cholerae O139 in India over 10 years","volume":"9","author":"S Anandan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Pathogens"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012890.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00842-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00842-16","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas and Contact-Dependent Secretion Systems Present on Excisable Pathogenicity Islands with Conserved Recombination Modules","volume":"199","author":"MR Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"7365","key":"pntd.0012890.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10392","article-title":"Evidence for several waves of global transmission in the seventh cholera pandemic","volume":"477","author":"A Mutreja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012890.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004053","article-title":"A recalibrated molecular clock and independent origins for the cholera pandemic clones","volume":"3","author":"L Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.038","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and intercontinental spread of cholera","volume":"38 Suppl 1","author":"A Mutreja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pntd.0012890.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Yang C, Sun Z, Zheng W, Zhang W, Yu H, et al. Genomic epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae reveals the regional and global spread of two epidemic non-toxigenic lineages. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2020;14(2):e0008046.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008046"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012890.ref075","article-title":"Phylogenetic Diversity of Vibrio cholerae Associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico from 1991 to 2008","volume":"7","author":"SY Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012890","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012890","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T17:56:48Z","timestamp":1745863008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012890"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Ley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012890","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012890","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]}}}