{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:10:38Z","timestamp":1789193438887,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012930","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000}}],"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tulane-Xavier Center for Bioenvironmental Research"},{"name":"Tulane Bywater Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS-0948993, BCS-1313703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-0948993, BCS-1313703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007875","name":"Tulane University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Carol Lavin Bernick Faculty Grant Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Carol Lavin Bernick Faculty Grant Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007875","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006952","name":"Louisiana Board of Regents","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006952","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023677","name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P51OD011104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51OD011104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>\nBackground\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of Chagas disease, has been detected in mammalian hosts occupying densely populated urban environments. This suggests that the risk of transmission to humans is higher than prevailing estimates, which largely reflect conditions in rural and peri-urban areas. Understanding the risks posed by <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> thus requires further study of transmission pathways in part because triatomines \u2013 the primary vectors for <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> \u2013 appear to be uncommon or absent in urban landscapes. Here we test the hypothesis that vertical transmission contributes to the prevalence of infection and diversity of <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> in urban reservoirs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>\nMethodology and Principal Findings\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We assessed whether embryos of <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>-positive parous female rodents also exhibit evidence of infection. A diagnostic PCR assay detected <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> in 15 out of 66 (22.7%) embryos from Norway rats, black rats, and house mice captured in New Orleans (LA, USA). Genotyping PCR identified the presence of TcI and non-TcI discrete typing units (DTUs) in individual infected embryos, providing evidence of mixed infection. Next-generation sequencing provided additional evidence of mixed infection in individual embryos.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>\nConclusions\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our findings provide additional evidence that vertical transmission can occur in natural populations of reservoir species and demonstrates for the first time that multiple DTUs can transmit from mother to offspring. Our study also demonstrates that vertical transmission can contribute to the prevalence of infection and diversity of <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> in multiple reservoir species occupying urban landscapes where vectors appear to be rare or absent, providing a new baseline for understanding transmission pathways and eco-epidemiological cycling of <jats:italic>T.cruzi.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T21:54:39Z","timestamp":1743544479000},"page":"e0012930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Potential vertical transmission of genetically diverse Trypanosoma cruzi in natural rodent populations"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5276-6809","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathaniel L.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno M.","family":"Ghersi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Knudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Riegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Dumonteil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012930.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00005-11","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas\u2019 disease in the United States","volume":"24","author":"C Bern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00166","article-title":"Chagas disease: from discovery to a worldwide health problem","volume":"7","author":"KCF Lidani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012930.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00023","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-19","article-title":"Chagas disease in the United States: a public health approach","volume":"33","author":"C Bern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012930.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.041","article-title":"Chagas disease in Texas: recognizing the significance and implications of evidence in the literature","volume":"65","author":"EJ Hanford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012930.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002818","article-title":"Projected future distributions of vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi in North America under climate change scenarios","volume":"8","author":"M Garza","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178633617732296","DOI":"10.1177\/1178633617732296","article-title":"Climate change contribution to the emergence or re-emergence of parasitic diseases","volume":"10","author":"EE Short","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Auckl)"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2021.102460","article-title":"Habitat and environmental risks of Chagas disease in low-income colonias and peri-urban subdivisions in South Texas","volume":"118","author":"B \u0160af\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Habitat Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012930.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04446-y","article-title":"In the heart of the city: Trypanosoma cruzi infection prevalence in rodents across New Orleans","volume":"13","author":"BM Ghersi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012930.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2559","article-title":"Raccoons as an important reservoir for trypanosoma cruzi: a prevalence study from two metropolitan areas in Louisiana","volume":"20","author":"A Majeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2020.03.004","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi infections and associated pathology in urban-dwelling Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana)","volume":"11","author":"IB Zecca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012930.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009147","article-title":"Surveillance of trypanosoma cruzi infection in triatomine vectors, feral dogs and cats, and wild animals in and around El Paso County, Texas, and New Mexico","volume":"15","author":"F Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012930.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2018.12.004","article-title":"Deep sequencing reveals multiclonality and new discrete typing units of Trypanosoma cruzi in rodents from the southern United States","volume":"53","author":"H Pronovost","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012930.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilx020","article-title":"Toward an ecological framework for assessing reservoirs of vector-borne pathogens: wildlife reservoirs of trypanosoma cruzi across the Southern United States","volume":"58","author":"CL Hodo","year":"2017","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-013120-043949","article-title":"Chagas disease ecology in the United States: recent advances in understanding Trypanosoma cruzi transmission among triatomines, wildlife, and domestic animals and a quantitative synthesis of vector\u2013host interactions","volume":"10","author":"RE Busselman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci"},{"issue":"1880","key":"pntd.0012930.ref015","first-page":"20180245","article-title":"Urban rat races: spatial population genomics of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) compared across multiple cities","volume":"285","author":"M Combs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2019.00013","article-title":"Rats about town: A systematic review of rat movement in urban ecosystems","volume":"7","author":"K Byers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012930.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2352","article-title":"Identification of triatomines and their habitats in a highly developed urban environment","volume":"19","author":"KC Dye-Braumuller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012930.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04182-3","article-title":"Urbanisation, risk stratification and house infestation with a major vector of Chagas disease in an endemic municipality of the Argentine Chaco","volume":"13","author":"MS Gaspe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012930.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005033","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005033","article-title":"Estimating the burden of chagas disease in the United States","volume":"10","author":"J Manne-Goehler","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012930.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0516","article-title":"Congenital transmission of trypanosoma cruzi in Argentina, Honduras, and Mexico: an observational prospective study","volume":"98","author":"P Buekens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012930.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002271","article-title":"Fertility, gestation outcome and parasite congenital transmissibility in mice infected with TcI, TcII and TcVI genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"7","author":"S Cencig","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012930.ref022","first-page":"241","article-title":"Vertical transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Wistar rats during the acute phase of infection","volume":"44","author":"EA Moreno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012930.ref023","first-page":"114","article-title":"Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in pups of Wistar rats with acute Chagas infection","volume":"30","author":"M Alarc\u00f3n Mendoza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Soc Venez Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.09.017","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity: Something new for something known about Chagas disease manifestations, serodiagnosis and drug sensitivity","volume":"184","author":"B Zingales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0730-8","article-title":"Genotype diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi in small rodents and Triatoma sanguisuga from a rural area in New Orleans, Louisiana","volume":"8","author":"CP Herrera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref026","article-title":"Pathogenic leptospira isolated from rodents in New Orleans, Louisiana USA, and associated site information","author":"A Peterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dryad Digital Repository"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103710","article-title":"Rodent assemblage structure reflects socioecological mosaics of counter-urbanization across post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans","volume":"195","author":"AC Peterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104218","article-title":"Flooding and abandonment have shaped rat demography across post-Katrina New Orleans","volume":"215","author":"BM Ghersi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012930.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3727\/096368908785096006","article-title":"A rat embryo staging scale for the generation of donor tissue for neural transplantation","volume":"17","author":"EM Torres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-568","article-title":"Global expression profiling reveals genetic programs underlying the developmental divergence between mouse and human embryogenesis","volume":"14","author":"L Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012930.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90176-X","article-title":"Sensitive detection and strain classification of Trypanosoma cruzi by amplification of a ribosomal RNA sequence","volume":"62","author":"RP Souto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012930.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22455-x","article-title":"Detailed ecological associations of triatomines revealed by metabarcoding and next-generation sequencing: implications for triatomine behavior and Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles","volume":"8","author":"E Dumonteil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9148-8_4","article-title":"An improved approach to Trypanosoma cruzi molecular genotyping by next-generation sequencing of the mini-exon gene","author":"A Majeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"T cruzi Infection: Methods and Protocols"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref034","author":"E Garrison","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012930.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012930.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101172","article-title":"Animal models of Trypanosoma cruzi congenital transmission","volume":"11","author":"E Avalos-Borges","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0012930.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010974","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010974","article-title":"Identification of the parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, in multiple tissues of epidemiological significance in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana): Implications for environmental and vertical transmission routes","volume":"16","author":"CW Torhorst","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012930.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12396","article-title":"Frequency of the congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"EJ Howard","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.04.002","article-title":"Mouse model of congenital infection with a non-virulent Toxoplasma gondii strain: Vertical transmission, \u201csterile\u201d fetal damage, or both?","volume":"166","author":"JA Vargas-Villavicencio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012930.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13436","article-title":"Vertical transmission may play a greater role in the spread of Leishmania infantum in synanthropic Mus musculus rodents than previously believed","volume":"67","author":"J Mart\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2023.06.009","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mammals in Florida: New insight into the transmission of T. cruzi in the southeastern United States","volume":"21","author":"CW Torhorst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref042","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi in wild and synanthropic mammals in two regions of Mexico: a fieldwork and genetic discrete typing unit review.","author":"JA Martinez Ibarra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012930.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-10-232","article-title":"trypanosoma cruzi in free-ranging mammalian populations in South Texas, USA","volume":"53","author":"III Kramm MM","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760140400","article-title":"Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi TcII and TcI in free-ranging population of lion tamarins (Leontopithecus spp): an 11-year follow-up","volume":"110","author":"C Lisboa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012930.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0231","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi connatal transmission in dogs with Chagas disease: experimental case report","volume":"11","author":"O Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105736","article-title":"The tissue specific tropism in Trypanosoma cruzi. Is it true?","volume":"213","author":"N A\u00f1ez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"6926","key":"pntd.0012930.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01438","article-title":"Mechanism of genetic exchange in American trypanosomes","volume":"421","author":"MW Gaunt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012930.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007392","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007392","article-title":"Sexual reproduction in a natural Trypanosoma cruzi population","volume":"13","author":"ASF Berry","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012930.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2019.07.004","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi from pregnant women and newborns from Argentina, Honduras, and Mexico suggests an association of parasite haplotypes with congenital transmission of the parasite.","volume":"21","author":"C Herrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Diagn"},{"key":"pntd.0012930.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.07.016","article-title":"Congenital Chagas disease as an ecological model of interactions between Trypanosoma cruzi parasites, pregnant women, placenta and fetuses.","volume":"151","author":"Y Carlier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012930.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04236-22","article-title":"Intra-host Trypanosoma cruzi strain dynamics shape disease progression: the missing link in Chagas disease pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"E Dumonteil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012930.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy049","article-title":"Hemochorial placentation: development, function, and adaptations","volume":"99","author":"MJ Soares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012930","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012930","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T18:46:20Z","timestamp":1744137980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012930"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hira L","family":"Nakhasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012930","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012930","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}