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The genetic diversity of <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> by host switching is less understood, which could help elucidate the genetic evolution of <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> under host pressure and provide instruction for host sampling and the infection pattern to make <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> infection models.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec025\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Different developmental stages of <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> were collected and genotyped with 24 microsatellite loci, including 345 cercariae from naturally infected snails and 472 and 540 adult worms from artificially infected mice and rabbits, separately. The genetic distribution of <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> within and among hosts by different sampling was assessed, and the genetic diversity and population structure were calculated at different population levels during host switching.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec026\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Seven cercariae were the minimum sample size to retrieve 85% of alleles for <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> in each snail, and meanwhile, sampling parasites from 19 snails could recover 85% of the total <jats:italic>Na<\/jats:italic> of <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> in all snails in this study. After infection in mice and rabbits, 8 worms per mouse and 76 worms per rabbit were the minimum samplings to retrieve 90% of alleles from each corresponding definitive host. Further, 16 mice and 2 rabbits were the least sampling size to recover 85% of the total <jats:italic>Na<\/jats:italic> of <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> in all mice and rabbits, respectively. Although no significant difference was shown for <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> between mice and rabbits at the suprapopulation level, it is clear that the genetic diversity of worms from 20 (or 40) mice was significantly higher than that from 1 (or 2) rabbits, especially when the host sampling was not sufficiently enough. The differentiation of worms at the infrapopulation level among mice is less than among rabbits. In addition, genetic differentiation was shown between cercaria and adult worms, which was considered to relate to allele loss after host switching.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec027\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The population genetic diversity of <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> differs in different developmental stages. Host species and sampling number significantly affect the distribution pattern of alleles and the genetic structure of <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> at the suprapopulation level.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T17:54:37Z","timestamp":1742406877000},"page":"e0012931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Population genetic diversity of Schistosoma japonicum arises from the host switching in the life 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