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In recent years, Spain and Southern Europe are experiencing a considerable increase in the influx of migrants infected by NTDs, mainly from West African countries. This study focuses on imported schistosomiasis and the entry into Europe of hetero-specific hybrids between two human species, <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. haematobium,<\/jats:italic> causing intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec035\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Individualized genetic identification by molecular analysis using RD-PCR, sequencing and cloning of nuclear rDNA and mtDNA of 134 <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> eggs was performed, including 41 lateral-spined and 84 terminal-spined eggs from urine, and nine lateral-spined eggs from stools. These eggs were recovered from six migrant males from Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire and Mali, who shared ectopic shedding of <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>-like eggs in their urine. A high hybridization complexity was detected in the eggs of these patients, involving three <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> species. The six patients were infected by <jats:italic>S. mansoni x S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> hybrids shedding <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>-like eggs, and also <jats:italic>S. haematobium x S. curassoni<\/jats:italic> hybrids shedding <jats:italic>S. haematobium-<\/jats:italic>like eggs. <jats:italic>SmxSh<\/jats:italic> hybrids were mostly detected in <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>-like eggs from urine (94.59%), whereas in feces the detection of those hybrids was less frequent (5.41%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec036\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study contributes to: (i) a better understanding of the heterospecific hybrids between <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> from the genetic point of view; (ii) it shows the frequency with which they are entering non-endemic countries, such as Spain and consequently in Europe; (iii) it determines the diversity of hybrid eggs and haplotypes that can occur within a single patient, e.g., up to two types of hybrids involving three <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> species and up to six different haplotypes; (iv) it provides information to be considered in clinical presentations, diagnosis, responses to treatment and epidemiological impact in relation to possible transmission and establishment in non-endemic areas.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T20:39:08Z","timestamp":1743453548000},"page":"e0012942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Schistosoma mansoni x S. haematobium hybrids frequently infecting sub-Saharan migrants in southeastern Europe: Egg DNA genotyping assessed by RD-PCR, sequencing and cloning"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Alejandra","family":"De 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