{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:23:47Z","timestamp":1788873827472,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012957","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000}}],"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007492","name":"Fondation Bettencourt Schueller","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Loiasis was long deemed to be a benign condition, but individuals with high <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic> microfilarial densities (MFD) are at risk of serious adverse events (SAEs) including encephalopathy following ivermectin (IVM) administration. The risk of marked AE or SAE is usually considered when MFD exceeds 8000 microfilariae (mf)\/mL or 30,000 mf\/mL, respectively. There are no international guidelines on the treatment of loiasis, resulting in a variety of practices worldwide for the treatment of infected individuals outside endemic areas. Our objective was to determine the probabilities of SAEs after IVM administration at the usual thresholds, and to refine those thresholds using individual characteristics such as age and sex.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We used data from two clinical trials conducted in Cameroon where <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> MFD were determined before IVM administration. The risk of SAE was modeled as a logistic function of age, sex, and MFD transformed as a first-order fractional polynomial.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Principal Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>SAEs probabilities were found to be &lt;10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> for MFD&lt;2000 mf\/mL, &gt; 1\u2030 for MFD &gt;8000 mf\/mL, &gt;1% for MFD&gt;20,000 mf\/mL, and &gt;2.5% for MFD&gt;30,000 mf\/mL. We showed that specific categories may be at a higher risk of SAE than expected. Specifically, in order not to exceed 1% risk, the corresponding thresholds would be 18,000 mf\/mL for females in the 31-40 age group; 16,000 mf\/mL for males in the 21-30 age group; 12,000 mf\/mL for males in the 31-40 age group; and 19,000 mf\/mL for males in the 41-50 age group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study suggests that IVM should be used with caution for males or individuals in specific age categories with a high <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> MFD. For these high risk groups, lowering the thresholds to 8000 mf\/mL should be considered. The increased risk in males requires further investigation to understand the pathophysiological phenomena involved that are crucial to prevent and manage SAEs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T21:28:46Z","timestamp":1743197326000},"page":"e0012957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Revisiting the Loa loa microfilaremia thresholds above which serious adverse events may occur with ivermectin treatment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3800-6315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Boulle\u0301","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien D.","family":"Pion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Gardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Gardon-Wendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Fokom Domgue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kamgno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric B.","family":"Chesnais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Boussinesq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012957.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz417","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz417","article-title":"Atypical clinical manifestations of loiasis and their relevance for endemic populations","volume":"6","author":"KG Buell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-S1-S4","article-title":"Clinical picture, epidemiology and outcome of Loa-associated serious adverse events related to mass ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis in Cameroon","author":"M Boussinesq","year":"2003","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012957.ref003","first-page":"247","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome due to loiasis following a tropical adventure holiday: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"56","author":"CL Hall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"pntd.0012957.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-5-6","article-title":"A possible case of spontaneous Loa loa encephalopathy associated with a glomerulopathy","volume":"5","author":"T Lukiana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30405-4","article-title":"Excess mortality associated with loiasis: a retrospective population-based cohort study","volume":"17","author":"CB Chesnais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012957.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad103","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad103","article-title":"Excess mortality associated with loiasis: confirmation by a new retrospective cohort study conducted in the republic of Congo","volume":"10","author":"MC Hemilembolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012957.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(96)93005-4","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of patients with loiasis (Loa loa filariasis) in the U.K","volume":"33","author":"DR Churchill","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012957.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.3.604","article-title":"Effectiveness of diethylcarbamazine in treating loiasis acquired by expatriate visitors to endemic regions: long-term follow-up","volume":"169","author":"AD Klion","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012957.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(82)80063-2","article-title":"Traitement de la filariose \u00e0 Loa Loa\u00a0: complications, r\u00e9sultats. A propos de 100 observations","volume":"13","author":"B Carme","year":"1982","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine et Maladies Infectieuses"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-112-01-09","article-title":"Encephalitis during Treatment of Loiasis with Diethylcarbamazine","volume":"112","author":"CGB Downie","year":"1966","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012957.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.44.684","article-title":"Five cases of encephalitis during treatment of loiasis with diethylcarbamazine","volume":"44","author":"B Carme","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012957.ref012","first-page":"155","article-title":"Current problems of loaiasis","volume":"56","author":"A Fain","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012957.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006917","article-title":"Comparison of different drug regimens for the treatment of loiasis-A TropNet retrospective study","volume":"12","author":"F Gobbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812842","article-title":"Efficacy of ivermectin treatment of Loa loa filariasis patients without microfilaraemias","volume":"88","author":"P Hovette","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012957.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90041-9","article-title":"Marked decrease in Loa loa microfilaraemia six and twelve months after a single dose of ivermectin","volume":"91","author":"J Gardon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012957.ref016","first-page":"ofz019","article-title":"Effect of a Single Standard Dose (150-200 \u03bcg\/kg) of Ivermectin on Loa loa Microfilaremia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"SD Pion","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012957.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90040-7","article-title":"Reduced Loa loa microfilaria count ten to twelve months after a single dose of ivermectin","volume":"91","author":"TH Duong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012957.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.39.480","article-title":"Ivermectin in loiasis and concomitant O. volvulus and M. perstans infections","volume":"39","author":"D Richard-Lenoble","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref019","first-page":"47","article-title":"Therapeutic trial with ivermectin in loiasis with medium and high microfilaremia","volume":"71","author":"B Carme","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012957.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.48.186","article-title":"Tolerance and efficacy of single high-dose ivermectin for the treatment of loiasis","volume":"48","author":"Y Martin-Prevel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9070","key":"pntd.0012957.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11094-1","article-title":"Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection","volume":"350","author":"J Gardon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012957.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)40006-0","article-title":"Severe adverse reaction risks during mass treatment with ivermectin in loiasis-endemic areas","volume":"12","author":"JP Chippaux","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012957.ref023","first-page":"105","article-title":"Secondary effects of the treatment of hypermicrofilaremic loiasis using ivermectin","volume":"88","author":"M Ducorps","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012957.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01091.x","article-title":"Variation in incidence of serious adverse events after onchocerciasis treatment with ivermectin in areas of Cameroon co-endemic for loiasis","volume":"8","author":"NAY Twum-Danso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-S1-S3","article-title":"Serious adverse events following treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control: a review of reported cases","author":"NA Twum-Danso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012957.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.211","article-title":"Human loiasis in a Cameroonian village: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial of a three-day albendazole regimen","volume":"71","author":"T-E Tabi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/200209159","article-title":"Effect of a single dose (600\u2009mg) of albendazole on Loa loa microfilaraemia","volume":"9","author":"J Kamgno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.1.202","article-title":"Albendazole in human loiasis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"168","author":"AD Klion","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012957.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2508.190011","article-title":"Efficacy of high-dose albendazole with ivermectin for treating imported Loiasis, Italy","volume":"25","author":"F Gobbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012957.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1086\/598654","article-title":"Albendazole therapy for loiasis refractory to diethylcarbamazine treatment","volume":"29","author":"AD Klion","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0012957.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2019.102006","article-title":"Encephalopathy in a patient with loiasis treated with albendazole: A case report","volume":"75","author":"L Volpicelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"pntd.0012957.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e01033","article-title":"Albendazole-related Loa Loa encephalopathy","volume":"23","author":"A M\u00e9tais","year":"2021","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00159-5","article-title":"Encephalopathy following Loa loa treatment with albendazole","volume":"78","author":"J Blum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0012957.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2010.02.003","article-title":"Loa loa meningoencephalitis secondary to treatment with mebendazol","volume":"136","author":"JV Moliner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012957.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21479","article-title":"Therapeutic apheresis using a mononuclear cell program to lower the microfilaria burden of a 23-year-old African woman with loiasis","volume":"32","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Apher"},{"key":"pntd.0012957.ref036","volume-title":"[La Loase d\u2019importation: \u00e0 propos de 83 cas recens\u00e9s au CHU de Toulouse et \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital Joseph Ducuing de 1991 \u00e0 2013]","author":"L Sorin"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012957.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2013.08.005","article-title":"Imported loiasis in France: a retrospective analysis of 47 cases","volume":"11","author":"N Gantois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4740-6","article-title":"Imported loiasis in France: a retrospective analysis of 167 cases with comparison between sub-Saharan and non sub-Saharan African patients","volume":"20","author":"O Bouchaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6 Pt B","key":"pntd.0012957.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2014.07.004","article-title":"Imported loiasis in Italy: an analysis of 100 cases","volume":"12","author":"F Gobbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012957.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0214","article-title":"clinical features of imported loiasis: a case series from the hospital for tropical diseases, London","volume":"93","author":"M Saito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-0627-4","article-title":"Loiasis in sub-Saharan migrants living in Spain with emphasis of cases from Equatorial Guinea","volume":"9","author":"S Puente","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0012957.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e649-62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.05.1023","article-title":"Imported Loa loa filariasis: three cases and a review of cases reported in non-endemic countries in the past 25 years","volume":"16","author":"S Antinori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0012957.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2012.00605.x","article-title":"Loiasis: new epidemiologic insights and proposed treatment strategy","volume":"19","author":"M Boussinesq","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"pntd.0012957.ref044","first-page":"830","volume-title":"ePILLY Trop [Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales]","author":"Filarioses.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012957.ref045","first-page":"319","article-title":"Treatment of filariases in a hospital setting. Complications - results","volume":"61","author":"M Gentilini","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0012957.ref046","volume-title":"Loiasis (Loa loa infection)","author":"AD Klion"},{"key":"pntd.0012957.ref047","author":"CDC, Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria."},{"key":"pntd.0012957.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100582","article-title":"Individual risk of post-ivermectin serious adverse events in subjects infected with Loa loa","volume":"28","author":"CB Chesnais","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012957.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0189","article-title":"Absence of an association between Plasmodium falciparum infection and post-ivermectin Loa-related non-neurologic serious adverse events","volume":"90","author":"J Fokom-Domgue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"21","key":"pntd.0012957.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705026","article-title":"A test-and-not-treat strategy for onchocerciasis in Loa loa-Endemic Areas","volume":"377","author":"J Kamgno","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-S1-S7","article-title":"Loa loa encephalopathy temporally related to ivermectin administration reported from onchocerciasis mass treatment programs from 1989 to 2001: implications for the future","author":"NA Twum-Danso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0012957.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz647","article-title":"Projected number of people with onchocerciasis-loiasis coinfection in Africa, 1995 to 2025","volume":"70","author":"NVS Vinkeles Melchers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8\/9","key":"pntd.0012957.ref053","first-page":"48","article-title":"Enc\u00e9phalopathie mortelle au cours d\u2019une loase hypermicrofilar\u00e9mique trait\u00e9e par ivermectine. Premi\u00e8re description au Gabon","volume":"48","author":"J Nzenze","year":"n.d","journal-title":"Med Afr Noire"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-S1-S10","article-title":"Programmatic and communication issues in relation to serious adverse events following Ivermectin treatment in areas co-endemic for onchocerciasis and Loiasis","author":"NJ Haselow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012957.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.04.006","article-title":"What are the mechanisms associated with post-ivermectin serious adverse events?","volume":"22","author":"M Boussinesq","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-S1-S8","article-title":"Ivermectin: does P-glycoprotein play a role in neurotoxicity?","author":"G Edwards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012957.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.04.007","article-title":"Where next with Loa loa encephalopathy? Data are badly needed","volume":"23","author":"C Mackenzie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0012957.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0042","article-title":"Serious neurological adverse events after Ivermectin-do they occur beyond the indication of onchocerciasis?","volume":"98","author":"RE Chandler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012957.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009354","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009354","article-title":"Serious adverse reactions associated with ivermectin: A systematic pharmacovigilance study in sub-Saharan Africa and in the rest of the World","volume":"15","author":"JT Campillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0012957.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1917344","article-title":"Serious Ivermectin toxicity and human ABCB1 nonsense mutations","volume":"383","author":"E Baudou","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0734","article-title":"Analysis of the mdr-1 gene in patients co-infected with Onchocerca volvulus and Loa loa who experienced a post-ivermectin serious adverse event","volume":"83","author":"C Bourguinat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0012957.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.546","article-title":"Encephalopathy after ivermectin treatment in a patient infected with Loa loa and Plasmodium spp","volume":"78","author":"J Kamgno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0012957.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005576","article-title":"Ivermectin treatment of Loa loa hyper-microfilaraemic baboons (Papio anubis): Assessment of microfilarial load reduction, haematological and biochemical parameters and histopathological changes following treatment","volume":"11","author":"S Wanji","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref064","first-page":"63","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhages after ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis in a patient with Loa loa microfilaremia","volume":"27","author":"M Moussala","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1076\/0928-6586(200003)711-2FT027","article-title":"Ocular findings after ivermectin treatment of patients with high Loa loa microfilaremia","volume":"7","author":"G Fobi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0012957.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1086\/425364","article-title":"Raccoon roundworm encephalitis","volume":"39","author":"WJ Murray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pntd.0012957.ref067","first-page":"241","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 162 patients with myeloencephalitis probably caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum","volume":"96","author":"S Punyagupta","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0012957.ref068","first-page":"1316","article-title":"Predictive factors for Gnathostoma seropositivity in patients visiting the Gnathostomiasis Clinic at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Thailand during 2000-2005","volume":"41","author":"V Bussaratid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0012957.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab906","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of levamisole in Loiasis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"JT Campillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"pntd.0012957.ref070","first-page":"182","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of a 3- or 5-day course of levamisole (2.5\u2009mg\/kg) in subjects with Loa loa microfilaremia","volume":"111","author":"J Campillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012957","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012957","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T17:52:35Z","timestamp":1744221155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012957"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Luc E.","family":"Coffeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012957","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012957","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]}}}