{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T23:49:06Z","timestamp":1771976946026,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012979","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000}}],"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPPGH5342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPPGH5342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Annual mass drug administration (MDA) is currently recommended for the local elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). Modeling studies of LF transmission suggest that conducting MDA twice a year could accelerate LF elimination. To test this idea, we compared the effects of 3 rounds of yearly MDA and 5 rounds of semiannual MDA using diethylcarbamazine with albendazole on LF infection measures in Papua New Guinea (PNG) across 2 treatment areas with high LF prevalence. From 2013 to 2018, we conducted 4 annual community surveys at 4 sentinel sites in each treatment area. We sampled 2,854 people at the start and 2,746, 2,339, and 2,569 people at 13, 27, and 40 months, respectively, with a similar number of participants in each area. Yearly MDA reduced microfilariae (Mf) prevalence from 24.0% at baseline (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.9-26.1%) to zero (CI, 0-0.4%) at 40 months. Similarly, semiannual MDA lowered Mf prevalence from 23.3% (CI, 21.4-25.4%) to 0.3% (CI, 0.1-0.7%). The circulating filarial antigen (CFA) prevalence decreased from 46.4% at baseline (CI, 43.5-49.3%) to 29.5% (CI, 26.9-32.3%) after 40 months with yearly treatment and from 53.4% (CI, 51.0-55.9%) to 35.2% (CI, 32.7-37.8%) with semiannual MDA. Using a generalized estimating equation model that accounted for age, sex, bednet use, and sentinel site, we found no significant difference in the effectiveness of the two treatment approaches (p\u2009=\u20090.845 for Mf and p\u2009=\u20090.332 for CFA). Therefore, annual and semiannual MDA were equally effective in reducing LF prevalence in this high-endemic setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:39:47Z","timestamp":1764787187000},"page":"e0012979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Semi-annual and annual mass drug administration of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole are equally effective regimens for eliminating lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Payne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"Sanuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brooke 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