{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T07:07:16Z","timestamp":1768633636996,"version":"3.49.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013013","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000}}],"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To emphasize the importance of promptly assessment of punctate outer retinal toxoplasmosis (PORT), and to present a case series in a third-level reference center in Mexico City.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Retrospective, observational case series of eight eyes of eight patients who presented PORT between January 2020 to February 2023. Diagnosis was made by uveitis specialists based on clinical findings, serology, and multimodal imaging. Descriptive statistics were used to exhibit absolute and relative frequencies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patient ages ranged from 19 years to 67 years old. Each patient presented creamy yellowish-white, punctate outer retinal lesions. All patients had SD-OCT showed outer retinal alterations and in autofluorescence presented hyperautofluorescent lesions. 85% of the patients improved their BCVA after treatment, but three (42.8%) were legally blind.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>PORT is an atypical presentation of ocular toxoplasmosis. Lesions usually lead to retinochoroidal scarring which can significantly diminish a patient\u2019s BCVA irreversibly. Recognition of PORT lesions is important since timely and efficacious therapy leads to better visual prognosis and diminish the risk of legal blindness.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T17:29:59Z","timestamp":1744392599000},"page":"e0013013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Small but threatening: Punctate Outer Retinal Toxoplasmosis (PORT), a case series report"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Paquent\u00edn-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Rivera-Semp\u00e9rtegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0081-7745","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luz Elena","family":"Concha-Del-R\u00edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013013.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)33071-X","article-title":"Outer retinal toxoplasmosis","volume":"95","author":"JD Matthews","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013013.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1076\/ocii.7.2.93.4021","article-title":"Punctate outer retinal toxoplasmosis in an HIV-positive child","volume":"7","author":"Jr Moraes HV","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013013.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200212000-00008","article-title":"Atypical presentations of ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"13","author":"JR Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013013.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20190503-04","article-title":"Multimodal imaging of punctate outer retinal toxoplasmosis","volume":"50","author":"NA Yannuzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013013.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000230","article-title":"single acquisition of the vitreous, retina and choroid with swept-source optical coherence tomography in acute toxoplasmosis","volume":"10","author":"KC Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brief Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013013.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02144142","article-title":"Outer retinal layer toxoplasmosis.","volume":"224","author":"BH Doft","year":"1986","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013013.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.251","article-title":"Clinical and tomographic features of macular punctate outer retinal toxoplasmosis","volume":"127","author":"EC de Souza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013013.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1980815","article-title":"Punctate inner retinal toxoplasmosis: case series and review of literature","volume":"30","author":"A Kelgaonkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"pntd.0013013.ref009","first-page":"214","article-title":"Fluorescein angiography in endogenous intraocular inflammation.","volume-title":"Clinical methods in uveitis: the fourth sloan symposium on uveitis","author":"JDM. Gass","year":"1968"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013013.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1969.00990010483005","article-title":"Variations in recurrent active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis","volume":"81","author":"CT Friedmann","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013013.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050090084037","article-title":"Punctate outer retinal toxoplasmosis","volume":"103","author":"BH Doft","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013013.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2014.03.010","article-title":"Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of punctate outer retinal toxoplasmosis","volume":"28","author":"BJ Lujan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013013.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.5301\/EJO.2011.6403","article-title":"Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and causes of vision loss in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"21","author":"NJS London","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013013.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01994-9","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis: a review of the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches","volume":"42","author":"D Kalogeropoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013013.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00013-6","article-title":"Assessing retinal function with the multifocal technique","volume":"19","author":"D Hood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013013.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03591-7","article-title":"Varied clinical presentations of RP1L1 variants in Chinese patients: a study of occult macular dystrophy and vitelliform macular dystrophy","volume":"24","author":"X Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pntd.0013013.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19670","article-title":"Novel RP1L1 variants and genotype-photoreceptor microstructural phenotype associations in cohort of japanese patients with occult macular dystrophy","volume":"57","author":"K Fujinami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013013.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.04.005","article-title":"RP1L1 and inherited photoreceptor disease: a review","volume":"65","author":"NCL Noel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013013.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24033","article-title":"Phenotype variations caused by mutations in the RP1L1 gene in a large mainly German cohort","volume":"59","author":"D Zobor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013013.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-013-9384-z","article-title":"Elderly case of pseudo-unilateral occult macular dystrophy with Arg45Trp mutation in RP1L1 gene","volume":"127","author":"T Okuno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013013.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000406","article-title":"Occult macular dystrophy with mutations in the rp1l1 and kcnv2 genes","volume":"11","author":"N Agange","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013013.ref022","first-page":"603","article-title":"Pigmentary retinopathy in systemic inherited disease","volume":"61","author":"Y Qian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxford Monographs on Medical Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013013.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0580","article-title":"Deterioration of visual function as examined by electroretinograms in Toxoplasma gondii-infected IFN-gamma-knockout mice","volume":"46","author":"K Norose","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013013.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)00990-9","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis: clinical features and prognosis of 154 patients","volume":"109","author":"LEH Bosch-Driessen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013013.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0474","article-title":"Why is there low morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in Africa?","volume":"103","author":"MK Njenga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0013013.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2020.107352","article-title":"An in-silico approach to study the possible interactions of miRNA between human and SARS-CoV2","volume":"88","author":"A Sarma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Biol Chem"},{"issue":"10132","key":"pntd.0013013.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30697-4","article-title":"Trends in future health financing and coverage: future health spending and universal health coverage in 188 countries, 2016-40","volume":"391","author":"Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013013.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69351-x","article-title":"A negative covariation between toxoplasmosis and CoVID-19 with alternative interpretations","volume":"10","author":"\u0141 Jankowiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013013.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000200001","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Mexico: epidemiological situation in humans and animals","volume":"57","author":"I Hern\u00e1ndez-Cortazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013013.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.10.015","article-title":"Health and institutional risk factors of COVID-19 mortality in Mexico, 2020","volume":"60","author":"H Najera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013013","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T20:30:40Z","timestamp":1746649840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013013"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aysegul","family":"Taylan Ozkan,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]}}}