{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:22:59Z","timestamp":1791440579804,"version":"4.3.3"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013041","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000}}],"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> mosquito is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. There are two recognized subspecies; the invasive <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti aegypti<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Aaa<\/jats:italic>) and the ancestral <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti formosus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Aaf<\/jats:italic>). <jats:italic>Aaf<\/jats:italic> is common throughout Kenya whereas <jats:italic>Aaa<\/jats:italic>, which was historically confined to coastal regions, has undergone a range expansion. In areas of sympatry, gene flow may lead to admixed populations with potential differences in vectorial capacity. We hypothesize that coastal <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> populations have a higher proportion of <jats:italic>Aaa<\/jats:italic> ancestry than those from inland locations of Kenya, influenced by their distance to the coast.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Adult <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes were collected using Biogent (BG) sentinel traps baited with carbon-dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) from cities and towns along the Kenyan northern transport corridor. <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> population structure, genetic diversity, and isolation by distance were analyzed using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) datasets generated with an <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> microarray chip targeting \u224850,000 SNPs. Kenyan <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> populations were placed into a global context within a phylogenetic tree, by combining the Kenyan dataset with a previously published global database.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 67 <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes population from Kenya were genotyped, we found that western Kenya <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> constitute a genetically homogenous population that clusters with African <jats:italic>Aaf<\/jats:italic>, whereas coastal mosquitoes showed evidence of admixture between the two subspecies. There was a positive correlation (Observation\u2009=\u20090.869, p\u2009=\u20090.0023) between genetic distance (FST) and geographic distance, suggesting isolation by distance. The phylogenetic analysis and the genetic structure analysis suggest that an Asian Aaa population is the source of Aaa invasion into Kenya<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These results provide evidence of an emerging admixed population of <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> in coastal Kenya between the sylvatic <jats:italic>Aaf<\/jats:italic> and the domesticated-human preferring <jats:italic>Aaa<\/jats:italic>. The observed gene flow from <jats:italic>Aaa<\/jats:italic> into Kenya may positively influence <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> vectorial capacity, potentially increasing human feeding preference, biting rates and vector competence and could be promoting the observed dengue and chikungunya outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T18:00:04Z","timestamp":1747764004000},"page":"e0013041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Population genetic analysis of Aedes aegypti reveals evidence of emerging admixture populations in coastal Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4689-5902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francis","family":"Mulwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Balcazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Langat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mutisya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Chelangat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn S.","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armanda","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gloria-Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Lutomiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013041.ref001","article-title":"The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus","volume":"4","author":"MUG Kraemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013041.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1957.11685829","article-title":"Genetical aspects of the Aedes aegypti problem. 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